Reduced fetal growth velocity precedes antepartum fetal death

• Published in: Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology Vol. 57; no. 6; pp. 942 - 952
• Main Authors: Pacora, P., Romero, R., Jung, E., Gudicha, D. W., Hernandez‐Andrade, E., Musilova, I., Kacerovsky, M., Jaiman, S., Erez, O., Hsu, C. D., Tarca, A. L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01-06-2021; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: abdominal circumference; Adult; Biometrics; Biometry; biparietal diameter; Circumferences; Congenital anomalies; Customization; customized growth standard; Death; Diameters; Female; Femur; Fetal Growth Retardation - diagnostic imaging; Fetal Growth Retardation - mortality; Fetal Weight; Fetuses; Gestation; Gestational Age; Gynecology; head circumference; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Mortality; Obstetrics; Perinatal Death; Predictive Value of Tests; Pregnancy; Retinoblastoma; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity; small‐for‐gestational age; stillbirth; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; Ultrasound; Velocity; Young Adult; biparietal diameter; stillbirth; small-for-gestational age; head circumference; abdominal circumference; customized growth standard
• ISSN: 0960-7692; 1469-0705
• DOI: 10.1002/uog.23111

ABSTRACT
Objectives
To determine whether decreased fetal growth velocity precedes antepartum fetal death and to evaluate whether fetal growth velocity is a better predictor of antepartum fetal death compared to a single fetal biometric measurement at the last available ultrasound scan prior to diagnosis of demise.
Methods
This was a retrospective, longitudinal study of 4285 singleton pregnancies in African‐American women who underwent at least two fetal ultrasound examinations between 14 and 32 weeks of gestation and delivered a liveborn neonate (controls; n = 4262) or experienced antepartum fetal death (cases; n = 23). Fetal death was defined as death diagnosed at ≥ 20 weeks of gestation and confirmed by ultrasound examination. Exclusion criteria included congenital anomaly, birth at < 20 weeks of gestation, multiple gestation and intrapartum fetal death. The ultrasound examination performed at the time of fetal demise was not included in the analysis. Percentiles for estimated fetal weight (EFW) and individual biometric parameters were determined according to the Hadlock and Perinatology Research Branch/Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (PRB/NICHD) fetal growth standards. Fetal growth velocity was defined as the slope of the regression line of the measurement percentiles as a function of gestational age based on two or more measurements in each pregnancy.
Results
Cases had significantly lower growth velocities of EFW (P < 0.001) and of fetal head circumference, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference and femur length (all P < 0.05) compared to controls, according to the PRB/NICHD and Hadlock growth standards. Fetuses with EFW growth velocity < 10th percentile of the controls had a 9.4‐fold and an 11.2‐fold increased risk of antepartum death, based on the Hadlock and customized PRB/NICHD standards, respectively. At a 10% false‐positive rate, the sensitivity of EFW growth velocity for predicting antepartum fetal death was 56.5%, compared to 26.1% for a single EFW percentile evaluation at the last available ultrasound examination, according to the customized PRB/NICHD standard.
Conclusions
Given that 74% of antepartum fetal death cases were not diagnosed as small‐for‐gestational age (EFW < 10th percentile) at the last ultrasound examination when the fetuses were alive, alternative approaches are needed to improve detection of fetuses at risk of fetal death. Longitudinal sonographic evaluation to determine growth velocity doubles the sensitivity for prediction of antepartum fetal death compared to a single EFW measurement at the last available ultrasound examination, yet the performance is still suboptimal. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.