A Phase 1 dose-finding and pharmacodynamic study of rapamycin in combination with bevacizumab in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

• Published in: European journal of cancer (1990) Vol. 49; no. 5; pp. 999 - 1008
• Main Authors: Choo, S.P, Chowbay, B, Ng, Q.S, Thng, C.H, Lim, Cindy, Hartono, S, Koh, T.S, Huynh, H, Poon, D, Ang, M.K, Chang, S, Toh, H.C
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01-03-2013; Elsevier
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized - administration & dosage; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized - adverse effects; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized - pharmacokinetics; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - administration & dosage; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - adverse effects; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols - pharmacokinetics; Bevacizumab; Biological and medical sciences; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - drug therapy; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - metabolism; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - pathology; DCE-CT imaging’ sirolimus; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Medicine; Hepatectomy; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Humans; Liver Neoplasms - drug therapy; Liver Neoplasms - metabolism; Liver Neoplasms - pathology; Male; Maximum Tolerated Dose; Medical sciences; Middle Aged; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Rapamycin; Sirolimus - administration & dosage; Sirolimus - adverse effects; Sirolimus - pharmacokinetics; Treatment Outcome; Tumors; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Rapamycin; DCE-CT imaging’ sirolimus; Bevacizumab; Antineoplastic agent; Phase; Sirolimus; Hepatic disease; Monoclonal antibody; Macrocycle; Liver cancer; Cancerology; Protein synthesis inhibitor; Antiangiogenic agent; Dose; Human; DCE-CT imaging' sirolimus; Drug combination; Pharmacodynamics; Radiodiagnosis; Lactone; Patient; Malignant tumor; Macrolide; Biological activity; Immunomodulator; Antibiotic; Vascular endothelium growth factor; Unresectable; Digestive diseases; Medical imagery; Computerized axial tomography; Immunosuppressive agent; Cancer
• ISSN: 0959-8049; 1879-0852
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.008

Abstract Background & Aims Preclinical studies have demonstrated the additive effect of rapamycin with bevacizumab for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment. We conducted a Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods Adult participants with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma received intravenous bevacizumab (5 mg/kg every 14 days) and oral rapamycin (1–6 mg/day; 3 + 3 dose escalation design). Computed tomography assessed tumour response and treatment safety. Pharmacokinetics assessment established rapamycin blood concentrations pre- and post-dose. Dynamic contrast-enhanced computed tomography analysed the tumour region for blood flow, permeability surface area product, fractional intravascular blood volume and extracellular–extravascular volume. Results Twenty-four participants were treated. There were two dose limiting toxicities with rapamycin 5 mg: grade 3 thrombocytopenia and grade 3 mucositis. The maximally tolerated dose of rapamycin was 4 mg. Adverse events (grade 1–2) included hyperglycaemia (83%), thrombocytopenia (75%), fatigue (46%), mucositis (46%), anorexia (42%), diarrhoea (33%) and proteinuria (12.5%). Of 20 evaluable participants, one reached complete response that lasted 4.5 months, two reached partial response, 14 reached stable disease and three had progressive disease. Median overall survival was 9.4 months; progression-free survival was 5.5 months. Dose level and steady state area under the concentration time curve for hour zero to infinity of rapamycin correlated inversely with blood flow rate and change in permeability-surface area. After 22 days of treatment, there were significant reductions from baseline in blood flow rate, permeability-surface area and fractional intracellular blood volume. Conclusions The recommended Phase 2 dose of rapamycin is 4 mg in combination with bevacizumab. Evidence of anti-vascular activity was observed together with promising clinical activity.