Ethanol Gestational Exposure Impairs Vascular Development and Endothelial Potential to Control BBB-Associated Astrocyte Function in the Developing Cerebral Cortex

• Published in: Molecular neurobiology Vol. 58; no. 4; pp. 1755 - 1768
• Main Authors: Siqueira, Michele, Araujo, Ana Paula Bérgamo, Gomes, Flávia Carvalho Alcantara, Stipursky, Joice
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York Springer US 01-04-2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Angiogenesis; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Astrocytes; Astrocytes - pathology; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Biomedicine; Blood Vessels - embryology; Blood-brain barrier; Blood-Brain Barrier - pathology; Cell Biology; Central nervous system; Cerebral cortex; Cerebral Cortex - embryology; Connexin 43; Endothelial cells; Endothelial Cells - metabolism; Endothelial Cells - pathology; Ethanol; Ethanol - adverse effects; Female; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders - pathology; Fetal alcohol syndrome; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation; Glial fibrillary acidic protein; Humans; IL-1β; Inflammation; Interleukin 1; Interleukin 6; Lactation; Lipocalin; Mice; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Neurobiology; Neurology; Neurosciences; NF-κB protein; Nitric oxide; Phenotype; Phenotypes; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects - pathology; Tumor necrosis factor; Zonula occludens-1 protein; Angiogenesis; Blood-brain barrier; Ethanol; Astrocytes; Cerebral cortex development
• ISSN: 0893-7648; 1559-1182
• DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02214-8

Ethanol consumption during pregnancy or lactation period can induce permanent damage to the development of the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). CNS development depends on proper neural cells and blood vessel (BV) development and blood-brain barrier (BBB) establishment; however, little is known about how ethanol affects these events. Here, we investigated the impact of ethanol exposure to endothelial cells (ECs) function and to ECs interaction with astrocytes in the context of BBB establishment. Cerebral cortex of newborn mice exposed in utero to ethanol (FASD model) presented a hypervascularized phenotype, revealed by augmented vessel density, length, and branch points. Further, aberrant distribution of the tight junction ZO-1 protein along BVs and increased rates of perivascular astrocytic endfeet around BVs were observed. In vitro exposure of human brain microcapillary ECs (HBMEC) to ethanol significantly disrupted ZO-1 distribution, decreased Claudin-5 and GLUT-1 expression and impaired glucose uptake, and increased nitric oxide secretion. These events were accompanied by upregulation of angiogenesis-related secreted proteins by ECs in response to ethanol exposure. Treatment of cortical astrocytes with conditioned medium (CM) from ethanol exposed ECs, upregulated astrocyte’s expression of GFAP, Cx43, and Lipocalin-2 genes, as well as the pro-inflammatory genes, IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, which was accompanied by NF-kappa B protein nuclear accumulation. Our findings suggest that ethanol triggers a dysfunctional phenotype in brain ECs, leading to impairment of cortical vascular network formation, and promotes ECs-induced astrocyte dysfunction, which could dramatically affect BBB establishment in the developing brain.