Clustering climate and management practices to define environmental challenges affecting gastrointestinal parasitism in Katahdin sheep

• Published in: Journal of animal science Vol. 101
• Main Authors: Arisman, Brian C, Burke, Joan M, Morgan, James L M, Lewis, Ronald M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US Oxford University Press 03-01-2023
• Subjects: Animal Genetics and Genomics; Animals; Antiparasitic agents; Bayes Theorem; Bayesian analysis; Body Weight - genetics; Climate; Climatic data; Cluster Analysis; Clustering; Environmental factors; Environmental management; Feces; Genotypes; Independent variables; Information management; Lamb; Management systems; Mathematical models; Nematode Infections - veterinary; Parasite Egg Count - veterinary; Parasite resistance; Parasites; Parasitism; Pasture; Pest resistance; Rainfall; Sheep; Sheep Diseases - genetics; Variance analysis; Variation; United States > US; eco-management clusters; multivariate analyses; gastrointestinal nematodes parasitism; sheep; fecal egg counts
• ISSN: 0021-8812; 1525-3163
• DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad002

Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) negatively affect the performance and well-being of sheep. Due to anthelmintic resistance, GIN are difficult to control leading producers to choose breeds that can exhibit resistance to parasitism. An example is Katahdin sheep. Katahdins are raised in various climates and management systems in the United States. These environmental factors can be combined to form eco-management groupings or clusters. We hypothesized that GIN challenge varies predictably based on the characteristics of these environmental clusters. Forty Katahdin producers from across the United States were surveyed for management information, with body weights (BW), fecal egg counts (FEC), and FAMACHA scores (FAM) available from 17 of the 40 flocks. The performance data included 3,426 lambs evaluated around 90 d of age. Management and climate data were combined into clusters using multiple correspondence and principal component (PC) analysis. Performance data were aligned with their corresponding cluster. Depending on the trait, eco-management cluster, birth-rearing type, sex, and, as a covariate, dam age, were fitted as systematic effects with ANOVA. Clusters also were formed based on climate or management data alone. When compared with fitting the eco-management clusters, they defined less variation in each of the traits based on Akaike and Bayesian information criterion, and adjusted r2 values. To further examine variation defined by eco-management clusters, residuals from an ANOVA model excluding eco-management cluster were retained, and their correlation with PC loadings calculated. All PC loadings were included as potential independent variables and tested for significance using backward stepwise regression. The PC loadings with a correlation |≥0.49| explained significant variation in each trait and were included in the final models chosen; adjusted r2 values for BW, FEC, and FAM were 0.90, 0.81, and 0.97, respectively. When analyzing GIN challenge, eco-management clusters corresponding with hotter temperatures and greater rainfall, and with pasture-born lambs, suffered greater parasitism. Conversely, the eco-management clusters with lambs turned out to pasture at older ages benefited from reduced parasitism. Through the formation of eco-management clusters, an environmental variable can be defined to study interactions of genotypes to their environment, providing a potentially useful tool for identifying parasite-resistant sheep.
Climatic conditions and management practices can be combined into eco-management clusters to describe production environments more holistically than climate or management alone. These clusters can then be used to explore the impact of the environment on parasitism in lambs.
Lay Summary
Katahdin sheep are a popular maternal hair breed that can exhibit resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Still, the consequences of GIN infection on performance levels, even in this breed, depend on the climatic and management conditions in which they are raised. Information on management practices in 40 U.S. Katahdin flocks was collected with an online survey. Climate data corresponding with these flock’s locations were gathered from the National Weather Service. Using multivariate analysis to combine these data, nine distinct eco-management groupings or clusters were identified. These clusters differed in temperature, rainfall, grain supplementation, and the age at which the lambs were introduced to pasture. In 17 of these flocks, traits indicative of GIN parasitism—body weight, fecal egg count, and FAMACHA score—were measured in 90-d old Katahdin lambs. Eco-management cluster explained more variation in performance in all three traits than climate or management alone. Based on fecal egg counts, eco-management clusters corresponding with hotter temperatures and greater rainfall, and with pasture-born lambs, suffered greater parasitism. Conversely, eco-management clusters with lambs turned out to pasture at older ages benefited from reduced parasitism. Eco-management clusters provide a holistic approach to combine environmental factors that predispose lambs to parasitism.