The nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole-phosphat (DMPP) - quantification and effects on soil metabolism

• Published in: Plant and soil Vol. 371; no. 1/2; pp. 257 - 266
• Main Authors: Benckiser, Gero, Christ, Elke, Herbert, Tobias, Weiske, Achim, Blome, Johannes, Hardt, Martin
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer 01-10-2013; Springer Netherlands; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Acid soils; Agricultural land; Agricultural soils; Agrology; Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions; Ammonium; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Bacteria; Biological and medical sciences; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Carbon dioxide; Clay; Clay soils; Climatic conditions; Cropping systems; Ecology; Emission measurements; Farm buildings; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General agronomy. Plant production; Greenhouse gases; Incubation; Leaching; Life Sciences; Liquid chromatography; Metabolism; Nitrates; Nitrification; Nitrogen content; Nitrous oxide; Plant Physiology; Plant Sciences; Regular Article; Silty soils; Soil chemistry; Soil microorganisms; Soil science; Soil Science & Conservation; Soil treatment; Soil water; Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility; Soil-plant relationships. Soil fertility. Fertilization. Amendments; Soils; Germany; Dicyandiamide (DCD); 3,4-dimethylpyrazolephosphat (DMPP); DMPP quantification; Nitrification inhibitor; Transmission electron microscopy; Microbial soil processes; Agricultural chemical product; Nitrogen heterocycle; Guanidines; Chemical base; Metabolism; Organic nitrogen compounds; Soils; Soil function; Organic base; Pyrazole derivatives; Microorganism; Soil plant relation; Organic compounds; Cyanamides; Quantitative analysis
• ISSN: 0032-079X; 1573-5036
• DOI: 10.1007/s11104-013-1664-6

Aims Nitrification inhibitors (NI) formulated on granulated ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) are an option to minimize nitrate leaching into ground waters and emissions of the greenhouse gas N₂O. This paper focuses (a) on the development of an analytic enabling to extract and quantify the NI 3,4-dimethylpyrazolephosphate (DMPP), marketed since 1999. The efficiency of DMPP has been studied in laboratory and field soils. Here the DMPP analytic and the behaviour of a nitrifying bacterial consortium enriched from a field soil and exposed to zero, field applied and a 10 fold higher DMPP concentration than the recommended one for field application are in the focus. Methods For extracting DMPP quantitatively from soils a method connected to a HPLC analytic has been developed by us and was standardized in laboratory experiment with a silt clay field soil (allochtone Vega). The method is detailed described here. Its reliability has been tested in a 3 years field trial under varying cropping systems and climatic conditions asides the influence of DMPP on CO₂–, CH₄– and N₂O- emissions, measured by the closed chamber method. Parallel a nitrifying bacterial consortium of the silty clay field soil was enriched and subjected to 0, the recommended DMPP concentration for field applications and a 10 times higher one. In incubation experiments the conversion of ammonium to nitrite and nitrate in presence and absence of DMPP was spectrophotometer determined and pH-shifts with a scaled litmus paper. In sacrificed flasks at the end of incubation morphological changes of the bacteria involved were studied by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results The ammonium, nitrite and nitrate determinations and the TEM pictures show that in presence of the field applied DMPP concentration the nitrifying activity returned around 30 days later than in the control and the cells were slightly enlarged. In presence of a 10 times higher DMPP concentration a recovery was prevented. DMPP prolongs, compared with dicyandiamide (DCD), the period of nitrifiers' inhibition and reduced N₂O-and CO₂-the emissions (Weiske et al., Biol Fertil Soils 34:109-117, 2001a, Nutr Cycl Agroecosys 60:57-64, b). Conclusions With the method developed by us the stability of DMPP in agricultural soils can be satisfyingly and reproducible studied down to a detection limit of 0.01µg DMPP g⁻¹ dry soil. The morphological changes in the nitrifying consortium due to DMPP concentrations are in agreement with the recovery rate found by nitrite and nitrate formation.