Gross anatomical and dimensional characteristics of the proximal hamstring origin

• Published in: Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA Vol. 23; no. 9; pp. 2576 - 2582
• Main Authors: Feucht, Matthias J., Plath, Johannes E., Seppel, Gernot, Hinterwimmer, Stefan, Imhoff, Andreas B., Brucker, Peter U.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-09-2015; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Aged, 80 and over; Bone surgery; Cadavers; Female; Hip; Humans; Injuries; Ischium - anatomy & histology; Knee - anatomy & histology; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Muscle, Skeletal - anatomy & histology; Orthopedics; Tendons; Tendons - anatomy & histology; Ultrasonic imaging; Germany; Hamstring avulsion; Anatomy; Hamstring tendons; Hamstring repair
• ISSN: 0942-2056; 1433-7347
• DOI: 10.1007/s00167-014-3124-0

Purpose
The current study was undertaken to better define the gross anatomical and dimensional characteristics of the proximal hamstring origin.
Methods
Twelve paired whole-lower extremities from six embalmed cadavers were dissected. The gross anatomy of the proximal hamstrings was studied. With the tendons attached to the ischial tuberosity, the width and thickness of each tendon was measured 1 cm distally to their origin, and the distance from the most proximal border of the common origin of the semitendinosus (ST) and long head of the biceps (LB) to their distal junction was assessed. After removal of the hamstring group, the shape, orientation, and dimension of the tendon footprints were determined.
Results
One cadaver demonstrated unique anatomy, which was considered as an anatomic variant and was therefore excluded from the study group. The ST and LB had a common origin on the posterolateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity (ST/LB), whereas the semimembranosus (SM) had a separated origin at the anterolateral aspect. The mean distance from the most proximal border of the ST/LB origin to the distal junction was 10.0 ± 1.3 cm. The shape of both footprints was longitudinal-oval, with the longitudinal axes of the SM and ST/LB footprints parallel aligned. Mean tendon width was 3.4 ± 0.5 cm for the common ST/LB complex and 4.2 ± 0.9 cm for the SM (
p
 = 0.009). The corresponding values for tendon thickness were 1.0 ± 0.3 cm (ST/LB) and 0.8 ± 0.2 cm (SM), respectively (n.s.). Mean footprint length was 3.9 ± 0.4 cm for ST/LB and 4.5 ± 0.5 cm for SM (
p
 = 0.002). The corresponding values for footprint height were 1.4 ± 0.5 cm (ST/LB) and 1.2 ± 0.3 cm (SM), respectively (n.s.).
Conclusion
The ST and LB had a common origin, whereas the SM originated separately. The site of origin of both tendons was the lateral aspect of the ischial tuberosity, with the SM footprint lying directly anterior to the footprint of the ST/LB complex. The footprint of the SM was significantly wider than the footprint of the ST/LB. The reported gross anatomic findings and dimensions may aid surgeons in anchor placement at the anatomical attachment site, thereby facilitating anatomic hamstring repair. In addition, the provided data may improve diagnosis and conservative treatment of proximal hamstring tendinopathy, since detailed knowledge about the normal anatomy is crucial for recognizing tendon abnormalities and for several conservative treatment modalities such as shockwave application or ultrasound-guided injections.