Which parameters are relevant in sagittal balance analysis of the cervical spine? A literature review

• Published in: European spine journal Vol. 27; no. Suppl 1; pp. 8 - 15
• Main Authors: Ling, Fong Poh, Chevillotte, T., leglise, A., Thompson, W., Bouthors, C., Le Huec, Jean-Charles
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-02-2018; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Cadavers; Computed tomography; Literature reviews; Magnetic resonance imaging; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Neurosurgery; Quality of life; Review; Scoliosis; Skull; Spine; Spine (cervical); Studies; Surgical Orthopedics; Thorax; C7 slope; Spino-cranial angle; Cervical lordosis; Cervical SVA; Cervical spine; T1 slope; Sagittal balance
• ISSN: 0940-6719; 1432-0932
• DOI: 10.1007/s00586-018-5462-y

Introduction
Cervical spine is part of the spine with the most mobility in the sagittal plane. It is important for surgeons to have reliable, simple and reproducible parameters to analyse the cervical.
Material and method
This study is a systematic review and a critique of current parameters to help improve the study of cervical spinal balance. We conducted a systematic search of PUBMED/MEDLINE for literature published since January 2014. Only studies written in English and containing abstracts were considered for inclusion. The search performed was: «C7 slope» OR «T1 slope» OR «C2C7 offset» OR «C2C7 lordosis» OR «cervical SVA (sagittal vertical axis)» OR «TIA (thoracic inlet angle)» (Lee et al., J Spinal Disord Tech 25(2):E41–E47,
2012
) OR «SCA (spino-cranial angle)». Exclusion criteria were purely post-operative and cadaveric analysis, studies performed with CT scan or MRI, studies on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, traumatology studies and no standing analysis of the cervical spine. Relevance was confirmed by investigators if cervical parameters was a major criteria of the study.
Results
138 articles were found by the electronic search. After complete evaluation 20 articles were selected. The large majority of papers used the same parameters C2_C7 lordosis, C2–C7 SVA, T1 slope or C7 slope and T1 slope/cervical lordosis mismatch. Janusz reported a new parameter using a retrospective cohort of patient with cervical radiculopathy: the TIA (thoracic inlet angle). Le Huec reported an other new parameter based on a prospective study of asymptomatic volunteer: the spino-cranial angle (SCA). This parameter is highly correlated with the C7 slope and the cervical lordosis. Other studies reported parameters that are more global balance analysis including the cervical spine than cervical spine balance itself.
Conclusion
The most important parameters to analyse the cervical sagittal balance according to the literature available today for good clinical outcomes are the following: C7 or T1 slope, average value 20°, must not be higher than 40°. cSVA must not be less than 40°C (mean value 20 mm). SCA (spine cranial angle) must stay in a norm (83° ± 9°). Future studies should focus on those three parameters to analyse and compare pre and post op data and to correlate the results with the quality of life improvement.