Evaluation of current material stock and future demolition waste for urban residential buildings in Jakarta and Bandung, Indonesia: embodied energy and CO2 emission analysis

• Published in: Journal of material cycles and waste management Vol. 19; no. 2; pp. 657 - 675
• Main Authors: Surahman, Usep, Higashi, Osamu, Kubota, Tetsu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Tokyo Springer Japan 01-04-2017; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Building construction; Buildings; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide emissions; Case studies; Cities; Civil Engineering; Concrete; Demolition; Emissions; Energy; Engineering; Environmental Management; Houses; Housing; Input output analysis; Original Article; Recycling; Residential areas; Residential buildings; Salvage; Statistical analysis; Urban areas; Waste Management/Waste Technology; Waste materials; Jakarta Indonesia; Bandung Indonesia; Indonesia; Demolition waste; Material flow analysis; Input–output analysis; CO; Embodied energy; emissions
• ISSN: 1438-4957; 1611-8227
• DOI: 10.1007/s10163-015-0460-1

First, this paper evaluates the current building material stock and future demolition waste for urban residential buildings in the cities of Jakarta and Bandung using a material-flow analysis. The actual on-site building measurements were conducted in Jakarta (2012) and Bandung (2011), focusing particularly on unplanned houses, to obtain building material inventory data. A total of 297 houses were investigated in Jakarta, whereas 247 houses were measured in Bandung. Second, this paper analyses the embodied energy and CO
2
emissions of building materials through an input–output analysis. The results show that, overall, the total material input intensity for the houses is 2.67 ton/m
2
in Jakarta and 2.54 ton/m
2
in Bandung. Two scenarios with zero and maximum reuse/recycling rates were designed to predict future demolition waste and the embodied energy/CO
2
emissions of building materials in Jakarta. Closed- and open-loop material flows were applied. If the maximum reuse/recycling rates are applied to the closed- and open-loop material flows in Jakarta, then it would become possible to not only decrease the final disposal waste (from 123.9 to 2.1 million ton) but also reduce the corresponding embodied energy (from 247.8 to 192.1 PJ) and CO
2
emissions (from 24.3 to 19.2 million ton CO
2
-eq) compared with the zero reuse/recycling scenario from 2012 to 2020.