Normative Tandem Gait in Collegiate Student-Athletes: Implications for Clinical Concussion Assessment

• Published in: Sports health Vol. 9; no. 4; pp. 305 - 311
• Main Authors: Oldham, Jessie R., DiFabio, Melissa S., Kaminski, Thomas W., DeWolf, Ryan M., Buckley, Thomas A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Los Angeles, CA SAGE Publications 01-07-2017
• Subjects: Athletes; Athletic Injuries - diagnosis; Brain Concussion - diagnosis; Cohort Studies; Female; Focus Topic: Neural Function; Gait - physiology; Humans; Male; Postural Balance; Reference Values; Sex Factors; Students; Young Adult; postural control; balance; brain; mild traumatic brain injury
• ISSN: 1941-7381; 1941-0921
• DOI: 10.1177/1941738116680999

Background:
Impaired balance is common after concussion. The third edition of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT-3) recommends the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) and/or tandem gait for postconcussion balance assessment. The limitations of the BESS are well documented; however, tandem gait has received little attention throughout concussion literature. The purpose of this study was to provide normative data for tandem gait in collegiate student-athletes based on sport type, concussion history, and gender.
Hypothesis:
Tandem gait will be influenced by concussion history, sport, and gender.
Study Design:
Cohort study.
Level of Evidence:
Level 3.
Methods:
Four hundred collegiate student-athletes from both collision/contact (n = 200) and limited contact/noncontact (n = 200) sports performed 4 tandem gait trials, consistent with SCAT-3 guidelines. The dependent variables included the best of the 4 trials (BEST), the mean of the 4 trials (MEAN), and the mean of each of the trials individually (ORDER). Separate multivariate analyses of variance were performed for each of the independent variables to determine effect on BEST and MEAN trial times. Significant main effects were followed up with a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A separate 1-way ANOVA was used to assess ORDER differences.
Results:
The mean BEST was 10.37 ± 1.76 seconds, and the MEAN was 11.32 ± 0.70 seconds. There were no significant differences in BEST or MEAN tandem gait times, respectively, between those with and without concussion history (P = 0.41 and P = 0.69, respectively), sport type (P = 0.57 and P = 0.42, respectively), or gender (P = 0.73 and P = 0.49, respectively). There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between ORDER of the 4 tandem gait trials across the population, with improved times at each trial.
Conclusion:
The results of this study provide a normative data set for tandem gait in healthy collegiate student-athletes and suggest that common determinants of balance, including concussion history, collision sport participation, and gender do not appear to influence performance, but ORDER could have significant clinical implications.
Clinical Relevance:
Clinicians may use these data to distinguish important determinants of tandem gait performance and improve awareness when returning an individual to play after a concussion.