Cerebral microembolism in patients with retinal ischemia

• Published in: Stroke (1970) Vol. 29; no. 6; pp. 1139 - 1143
• Main Authors: WIJMAN, C. A. C, BABIKIAN, V. L, MATJUCHA, I. C. A, KOLEINI, B, HYDE, C, WINTER, M. R, POCHAY, V. E
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hagerstown, MD Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 01-06-1998; American Heart Association, Inc
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biological and medical sciences; Blood and lymphatic vessels; Brain Ischemia - diagnostic imaging; Brain Ischemia - epidemiology; Cardiology. Vascular system; Carotid Stenosis - physiopathology; Cerebral Angiography; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Diseases of the peripheral vessels. Diseases of the vena cava. Miscellaneous; Eye - blood supply; Female; Functional Laterality - physiology; Humans; Incidence; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis - diagnostic imaging; Intracranial Embolism and Thrombosis - epidemiology; Male; Medical sciences; Microcirculation - physiology; Middle Aged; Retina - physiopathology; Retinal Artery - physiopathology; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; Vision, Monocular; Sonography; Doppler ultrasound study; Human; Nervous system diseases; Retinopathy; Middle cerebral artery; Cerebral embolism; Cardiovascular disease; Retina; Statistical study; Cerebral disorder; Incidence; Microembolism; Vascular disease; Symptomatology; Eye disease; Ischemia; Central nervous system disease; Complication; Diagnosis; Cerebrovascular disease
• ISSN: 0039-2499; 1524-4628
• DOI: 10.1161/01.STR.29.6.1139

We investigated the frequency of cerebral microembolism detected by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in patients with clinical evidence of retinal ischemia, including transient monocular blindness, central and branch retinal artery infarction, and ischemic oculopathy, and assessed its correlation with carotid artery stenosis.
Records of 331 consecutive patients examined during a 47-month period at the Neurovascular Laboratory were reviewed. Of the original 453 intracranial arteries, 186 middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) satisfied qualifying criteria that excluded patients with cardiac embolic sources. Forty-five MCAs ipsilateral to the symptomatic eye constituted the study group. The control group consisted of 141 asymptomatic MCAs. Microembolus detection studies were performed on transcranial Doppler instruments equipped with special software, and the degree of carotid artery stenosis was measured by cerebral or MR angiography or by color duplex studies.
Microembolism was detected in 40.0% of study MCAs and 9.2% of controls (P < 0.001). In the study group, microembolic signals were detected in 61.9% of MCAs tested within a week of symptom onset and 20.8% of those tested afterward (P < 0.001). Severe (> or = 70%) carotid stenosis or occlusion was more frequent in the study group (P < 0.001). Microembolic signals were detected in 25.3% and 11.2%, respectively, of MCAs distal to carotid arteries with 70% to 100% and 0% to 69% stenosis (P = 0.013).
In patients without cardiac embolic sources, cerebral microembolism is frequently present on the side of retinal ischemia, particularly during the week after onset of symptoms. It is often associated with severe stenosis or occlusion of the ipsilateral carotid artery.