Targeted Metabolite Fingerprints of Thirteen Gambierdiscus , Five Coolia and Two Fukuyoa Species

• Published in: Marine drugs Vol. 22; no. 3; p. 119
• Main Authors: Murray, J Sam, Passfield, Emillie M F, Rhodes, Lesley L, Puddick, Jonathan, Finch, Sarah C, Smith, Kirsty F, van Ginkel, Roel, Mudge, Elizabeth M, Nishimura, Tomohiro, Funaki, Hiroshi, Adachi, Masao, Prinsep, Michèle R, Harwood, D Tim
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 02-03-2024; MDPI
• Subjects: Acids; Algae; benthic dinoflagellate; bioactive; Biocompatibility; ciguatera poisoning; Ciguatoxin; Ciguatoxins; Coolia; Dinoflagellida; Ethers; Fingerprints; Gambierdiscus; Hydrocarbons; Lipophilic; Maitotoxin; mass spectrometry; Metabolites; Microorganisms; Mode of action; Polyethers; Secondary metabolites; Serogroup; Species; Toxicity; Pacific region; maitotoxin; toxicity; ciguatoxin; benthic dinoflagellate; ciguatera poisoning; mass spectrometry; bioactive
• ISSN: 1660-3397; 1660-3397
• DOI: 10.3390/md22030119

The genus
produces an array of bioactive hydrophilic and lipophilic secondary metabolites that range in mode of action and toxicity. In this study, the metabolite fingerprint was mapped for thirteen
, five
and two
species (34 isolates) by assessing the production of 56 characterised secondary metabolites.
was the only species to produce Pacific-ciguatoxin-3B (P-CTX3B), P-CTX3C, iso-P-CTX3B/C, P-CTX4A, P-CTX4B and iso-P-CTX4A/B.
produced maitotoxin-1 (MTX-1) and MTX-5,
produced MTX-6 and
produced MTX-7. Ubiquitous production of 44-methylgambierone was observed amongst all the
isolates, with nine species also producing gambierone. Additional gambierone analogues, including anhydrogambierone (tentatively described herein), were also detected in all
species, two
and two
species. Gambieroxide was detected in
and
and gambieric acid A was detected in ten
species, with
(CAWD381) being the only isolate to produce gambieric acids A-D. This study has demonstrated that the isolates tested to date produce the known CTXs or MTXs, but not both, and highlighted several species that produced 'unknown' compounds displaying characteristics of cyclic polyethers, which will be the focus of future compound discovery efforts.