The moderating roles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility on the mental health impacts of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown in Italy

• Published in: Journal of contextual behavioral science Vol. 17; pp. 109 - 118
• Main Authors: Pakenham, Kenneth I., Landi, Giulia, Boccolini, Giada, Furlani, Annalisa, Grandi, Silvana, Tossani, Eliana
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Inc 01-07-2020; Association for Contextual Behavioral Science. Published by Elsevier Inc
• Subjects: Anxiety; COVID-19 pandemic; Depression; Lockdown; Peritraumatic distress; Psychological flexibility; Psychological inflexibility; COVID-19 pandemic; Psychological flexibility; Psychological inflexibility; Lockdown; Depression; Anxiety; Peritraumatic distress
• ISSN: 2212-1447; 2212-1455
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.07.003

The Moderating Roles of Psychological Flexibility and Inflexibility on the Mental Health Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdown in Italy.
Preliminary data suggest the COVID-19 pandemic has adverse effects on mental health in approximately a quarter of the general population. Few prior studies have identified contextual risk factors and no published study has explored factors that might moderate their adverse effects on mental health. Psychological flexibility is the cornerstone of psychological health and resiliency. This study investigated the roles of psychological flexibility and inflexibility in moderating the effects of COVID-19 risk factors on three mental health outcomes: COVID-19 peritraumatic distress, anxiety, depression. We hypothesized that psychological flexibility would mitigate and psychological inflexibility would exacerbate the adverse effects of COVID-19 risk factors on mental health. During the Italian national lockdown (M = 39.29 days, SD = 11.26), 1035 adults (79% female, M = 37.5 years, SD = 12.3) completed an online survey. Twelve COVID-19 risk factors were identified (e.g. lockdown duration, family infected by COVID-19, increase in domestic violence and in unhealthy lifestyle behaviours) and constituted a COVID-19 Lockdown Index. As predicted, results showed that after controlling for sociodemographic variables, global psychological flexibility and four of its sub-processes (self-as context, defusion, values, committed action), mitigated the detrimental impacts of COVID-19 risk factors on mental health. In contrast and as expected, global psychological inflexibility and four of its sub-processes (lack of contact with present moment, fusion, self-as-content, lack of contact with personal values) exacerbated the detrimental impacts of COVID-19 risk factors on mental health. Findings converge with those from the broader psychological flexibility literature providing robust support for the use of ACT-based interventions to promote psychological flexibility and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
•Psychological flexibility mitigated COVID-19 impacts on mental health outcomes.•Psychological inflexibility intensified COVID-19 pandemic lockdown risk factors.•Psychological flexibility increases resilience during COVID-19 mandatory lockdown.•Psychological flexibility interventions can promote mental health during a pandemic.