Particulate matter (PM 10) in Istanbul: Origin, source areas and potential impact on surrounding regions

• Published in: Atmospheric environment (1994) Vol. 45; no. 38; pp. 6891 - 6900
• Main Authors: Koçak, M., Theodosi, C., Zarmpas, P., Im, U., Bougiatioti, A., Yenigun, O., Mihalopoulos, N.
• Format: Journal Article Conference Proceeding
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01-12-2011; Elsevier
• Subjects: Aerosols; aluminum; ammonium compounds; anthropogenic activities; Applied sciences; atmospheric chemistry; Atmospheric pollution; Cadmium; calcium; Carbon; chlorides; Chromium; Combustion; copper; Exact sciences and technology; fuel oils; ions; iron; Istanbul; lead; manganese; nickel; nitrates; Origins; particulates; PM 10; Pollution; potassium; Potential source contribution function; sodium; solid wastes; Source apportionment; Summer; traffic; Winter; zinc; Northern Africa; Balkans; Black Sea; Eastern European region; Western European region; Turkey; Asia; Eastern Europe; Europe; Africa; Aegean Sea; North Africa; Mediterranean Sea; Western Europe; MED, Black Sea; MED, Eastern Mediterranean, Levantine Sea; MED, Aegean Sea; Europe, Balkans; MED, Turkey, Istanbul; ANE, Europe; PM 10; Potential source contribution function; Istanbul; Source apportionment; Sulfur compounds; Heat treatment; Zerovalent metal; Combustion; Matrix factorization; Iron; Identification; Motor vehicle; Sulfur dioxide; Coarse particle; Transport process; Geogenic factor; Lead; Copper; Sampling; Organic compounds; Anthropogenic factor; Receptor model; Natural origin pollution; Cadmium; Carbonaceous materials; Megacity; Secondary pollutant; Fuel oil; Zinc; Heavy metal; Trace element; Dust; Sea salt; Incineration; Aerosols; Chromium; Pollution source inventory; Air pollution; Nickel; Road traffic; PM; Manganese
• ISSN: 1352-2310; 1873-2844
• DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.007

Water-soluble ions (Cl
−,
NO
3
−
,
SO
4
2
−
,
C
2
O
4
−
, Na
+,
NH
4
+
, K
+, Mg
2+,Ca
2+), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) and trace metals (Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) were measured in aerosol PM
10 samples above the megacity of Istanbul between November 2007 and June 2009. Source apportionment analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) indicates that approximately 80% of the PM
10 is anthropogenic in origin (secondary, refuse incineration, fuel oil and solid fuel combustion and traffic). Crustal and sea salt account for 10.2 and 7.5% of the observed mass, respectively. In general, anthropogenic (except secondary) aerosol shows higher concentrations and contributions in winter. Mean concentration and contribution of crustal source is found to be more important during the transitional period due to mineral dust transport from North Africa. During the sampling period, 42 events exceeding the limit value of 50 μg m
−3 are identified. A significant percentage (91%;
n = 38) of these exceedances is attributed to anthropogenic sources. Potential Source Contribution Function analysis highlights that Istanbul is affected from distant sources from Balkans and Western Europe during winter and from Eastern Europe during summer. On the other hand, Istanbul sources influence western Black Sea and Eastern Europe during winter and Aegean and Levantine Sea during summer.