Recent advances in intestinal alkaline phosphatase, inflammation, and nutrition

• Published in: Nutrition reviews Vol. 77; no. 10; pp. 710 - 724
• Main Author: Lallès, Jean-Paul
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 01-10-2019; Oxford University Press (OUP)
• Subjects: Alkaline Phosphatase - administration & dosage; Alkaline Phosphatase - genetics; Alkaline Phosphatase - immunology; Alkaline Phosphatase - metabolism; Animals; Food and Nutrition; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Inflammation; Intestines - enzymology; Intestines - microbiology; Life Sciences; Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; nutrition; intestinal alkaline phosphatase; inflammation; intestinal barrier
• ISSN: 0029-6643; 1753-4887
• DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz015

Abstract
In recent years, much new data on intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) have been published, and major breakthroughs have been disclosed. The aim of the present review is to critically analyze the publications released over the last 5 years. These breakthroughs include, for example, the direct implication of IAP in intestinal tight junction integrity and barrier function maintenance; chronic intestinal challenge with low concentrations of Salmonella generating long-lasting depletion of IAP and increased susceptibility to inflammation; the suggestion that genetic mutations in the IAP gene in humans contribute to some forms of chronic inflammatory diseases and loss of functional IAP along the gut and in stools; stool IAP as an early biomarker of incipient diabetes in humans; and omega-3 fatty acids as direct inducers of IAP in intestinal tissue. Many recent papers have also explored the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IAP and other alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoforms in various experimental settings and diseases. Remarkably, nearly all data confirm the potent anti-inflammatory properties of (I)AP and the negative consequences of its inhibition on health. A simplified model of the body AP system integrating the IAP compartment is provided. Finally, the list of nutrients and food components stimulating IAP has continued to grow, thus emphasizing nutrition as a potent lever for limiting inflammation.