A method of factor analysis for shape coordinates

• Published in: American journal of physical anthropology Vol. 164; no. 2; pp. 221 - 245
• Main Author: Bookstein, Fred L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-10-2017
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Algorithms; Analysis; Animals; Anthropology, Physical; Anthropometry - methods; BE–PwV plot; Biometrics; Classification; Factor analysis; Factor Analysis, Statistical; geometric morphometrics; Hominidae - anatomy & histology; Humans; Infant; Morphology; Neanderthals - anatomy & histology; Ordination; Physical anthropology; Principal Component Analysis; principal components; Principal components analysis; Quantitative psychology; Rotation; shape coordinates; Skull - anatomy & histology; varimax factor rotation; BE-PwV plot; varimax factor rotation; shape coordinates; principal components; geometric morphometrics
• ISSN: 0002-9483; 1096-8644; 2692-7691
• DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23277

Currently the most common reporting style for a geometric morphometric (GMM) analysis of anthropological data begins with the principal components of the shape coordinates to which the original landmark data have been converted. But this focus often frustrates the organismal biologist, mainly because principal component analysis (PCA) is not aimed at scientific interpretability of the loading patterns actually uncovered. The difficulty of making biological sense of a PCA is heightened by aspects of the shape coordinate setting that further diverge from our intuitive expectations of how morphometric measurements ought to combine. More than 50 years ago one of our sister disciplines, psychometrics, managed to build an algorithmic route from principal component analysis to scientific understanding via the toolkit generally known as factor analysis. This article introduces a modification of one standard factor‐analysis approach, Henry Kaiser's varimax rotation of 1958, that accommodates two of the major differences between the GMM context and the psychometric context for these approaches: the coexistence of “general” and “special” factors of form as adumbrated by Sewall Wright, and the typical loglinearity of partial warp variance as a function of bending energy. I briefly explain the history of principal components in biometrics and the contrast with factor analysis, introduce the modified varimax algorithm I am recommending, and work three examples that are reanalyses of previously published cranial data sets. A closing discussion emphasizes the desirability of superseding PCA by algorithms aimed at anthropological understanding rather than classification or ordination.