Implementation and Effectiveness of Policies Adopted to Enable Breastfeeding in the Philippines Are Limited by Structural and Individual Barriers

• Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 19; no. 17; p. 10938
• Main Authors: Samaniego, Jyn Allec R, Maramag, Cherry C, Castro, Mary Christine, Zambrano, Paul, Nguyen, Tuan T, Datu-Sanguyo, Janice, Cashin, Jennifer, Mathisen, Roger, Weissman, Amy
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01-09-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Age; Babies; Births; Breast feeding; Breast Feeding - psychology; Breastfeeding & lactation; Children & youth; Childrens health; Data collection; Female; GNI; GNP; Gross National Income; Gross National Product; Humans; Local government; Marketing; Maternal & child health; Maternity & paternity leaves; Medical personnel; Mixed methods research; Mortality; Mothers; Mothers - psychology; Philippines; Policy; Population; Pregnancy; Skills; Urban areas; Workplace; Philippines; the Code; breastfeeding policy; mother- and baby-friendly hospital initiative; Philippines; maternity protection; mixed methods study
• ISSN: 1660-4601; 1661-7827; 1660-4601
• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710938

The Philippines has adopted policies to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding on par with global standards, yet the impact of these policies is not well understood. This study assesses the adequacy and potential impact of breastfeeding policies, as well as the perceptions of stakeholders of their effectiveness and how to address implementation barriers. This mixed methods study entailed a desk review of policies and documents and in-depth interviews with 100 caregivers, employees, employers, health workers, and policymakers in the Greater Manila Area. Although the Philippines has a comprehensive breastfeeding policy framework, its effectiveness was limited by structural and individual barriers. Structural barriers included inconsistent breastfeeding promotion, limited access of mothers to skilled counseling, limited workplace breastfeeding support, gaps in legal provisions, weak monitoring and enforcement of the Philippine Milk Code, and the short duration and limited coverage of maternity leave. Individual barriers included knowledge and skills gaps, misconceptions, and low self-confidence among mothers due to insufficient support to address breastfeeding problems, misconceptions in the community that undermine breastfeeding, limited knowledge and skills of health workers, and insufficient support extended to mothers by household members. Breastfeeding policies in the Philippines are consistent with global standards, but actions to address structural and individual barriers are needed to enhance their effectiveness for improving breastfeeding practices.