Air Quality of Work, Residential, and Traffic Areas during the COVID-19 Lockdown with Insights to Improve Air Quality

• Published in: International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 19; no. 2; p. 727
• Main Authors: Alharbi, Badr H, Alhazmi, Hatem A, Aldhafeeri, Zaid M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 10-01-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Air Pollutants - analysis; Air pollution; Air Pollution - analysis; Air quality; Carbon monoxide; Cities; Communicable Disease Control; Coronaviruses; COVID-19; Curfews; Emissions; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental policy; Humans; Nitrogen dioxide; Nitrogen oxides; Outdoor air quality; Pandemics; Particulate matter; Particulate Matter - analysis; Pollutants; Pollution control; SARS-CoV-2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Shelter in place; Sulfur dioxide; Traffic; Urban areas; Vehicles; Saudi Arabia; Riyadh Saudi Arabia; Malaysia; COVID-19; nitrogen oxides; lockdown; AQI; Riyadh; air pollutants; ozone; air quality
• ISSN: 1660-4601; 1661-7827; 1660-4601
• DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020727

This study investigated the concentrations of air pollutants (NO, NO
, NO
, SO
, CO, O
, PM
, and PM
) at three sites with different traffic loads (work, residential, and traffic sites) before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects and associated potential pollution control implications of the lockdown on the quality of ambient air at three selected sites in the urban area of Riyadh City. The average concentrations of NO, NO
, NO
, and CO decreased during the lockdown period by 73%, 44%, 53%, and 32% at the work site; 222%, 85%, 100%, and 60% at the residential site; and 133%, 60%, 101%, and 103% at the traffic site relative to the pre-lockdown period, respectively. The average concentration of O
increased by 6% at the work site, whereas the concentration of SO
increased by 27% at the residential site and decreased by 6.5% at the work site. The changes in PM
and PM
varied and did not exhibit a clear pattern. The air quality index (AQI) results indicated that the contribution to "undesired" air quality by O
was 35.29% of the lockdown period at the work site while contributions to undesired air quality by PM
and PM
were 75.6% and 100% at the work site, 94.5% and 100% at the residential site, and 96.7% and 100% at the traffic site, respectively. The findings of this study are useful for devising effective urban pollution abatement policies. Applying control measures comparable to the lockdown measures over one week will result in a decrease of approximately 19% and 15% in CO mean concentration and 25% and 18% in NO
mean concentration at residential and traffic sites, respectively.