Temporal and Latitudinal Variations in Ca-K Plage and Network Area: An Implication for Meridional Flows

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal Vol. 944; no. 2; pp. 218 - 236
• Main Authors: Priyal, Muthu, Singh, Jagdev, Ravindra, Belur, Sindhuja, G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia The American Astronomical Society 01-02-2023; IOP Publishing
• Subjects: Astrophysics; Belt conveyors; Chromosphere; Flow distribution; Flow pattern; Latitude; Meridional flow; Plages; Polar environments; Polar regions; Solar activity; Solar cycle; Sunspot numbers; Sunspots
• ISSN: 0004-637X; 1538-4357
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/acaf60

Abstract
The Ca-K spectroheliograms obtained at the Kodaikanal observatory are used to generate a uniform time series using the equal-contrast technique for studying the long- and short-term variations in the solar chromosphere. The percentages of plage, enhanced network, and active and quiet network areas at various latitudes is compared with the activity at 35° latitude and also with the sunspot number for the period of 1907–1984. The values of the phase differences indicate that the activity begins at ∼45° latitude and shifts progressively to a lower latitude at a speed of ∼9.4 m s
−1
. The shift speed slows down gradually and reaches ∼3 m s
−1
at ∼5° latitude. No phase difference between the variations of Ca-K activity at 55°, 65°, and 75° latitude belts implies that changes in the activity are happening simultaneously. The analysis shows that the activity at polar latitude belts is anticorrelated with the sunspot number. This study indicates that a multicell meridional flow pattern could exist in the latitude direction. One type of cell could transport the magnetic elements from mid- to low-latitude belts through meridional flows, and the other cell type could be operating in the polar region.