A Multi-Sensor and Modeling Approach for Mapping Light Under Sea Ice During the Ice-Growth Season

• Published in: Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 7
• Main Authors: Stroeve, Julienne, Vancoppenolle, Martin, Veyssiere, Gaelle, Lebrun, Marion, Castellani, Giulia, Babin, Marcel, Karcher, Michael, Landy, Jack, Liston, Glen E., Wilkinson, Jeremy
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Lausanne Frontiers Research Foundation 03-02-2021; Frontiers Media; Frontiers Media S.A
• Subjects: Algae; Algal blooms; Algal growth; Altimetry; Arctic; Availability; Earth Sciences; Ecosystem dynamics; Ice; Ice cover; Ice properties; Ice thickness; Light; Light penetration; Light transmission; Marine ecosystems; ocean primary productivity; Oceanography; Phenology; Polar environments; Productivity; Radar altimetry; Satellites; Sciences of the Universe; Sea ice; Seasons; Snow; Snow accumulation; Snow depth; Spatial variations; Summer; under-ice light; Upper ocean; Arctic Ocean; Arctic region; ocean primary productivity; marine ecosystems; Arctic; sea ice; under-ice light
• ISSN: 2296-7745; 2296-7745
• DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2020.592337

Arctic sea ice is shifting from a year-round to a seasonal sea ice cover. This substantial transformation, via a reduction in Arctic sea ice extent and a thinning of its thickness, influences the amount of light entering the upper ocean. This in turn impacts under-ice algal growth and associated ecosystem dynamics. Field campaigns have provided valuable insights as to how snow and ice properties impact light penetration at fixed locations in the Arctic, but to understand the spatial variability in the under-ice light field there is a need to scale up to the pan-Arctic level. Combining information from satellites with state-of-the-art parameterizations is one means to achieve this. This study combines satellite and modeled data products to map under-ice light on a monthly time-scale from 2011 through 2018. Key limitations pertain to the availability of satellite-derived sea ice thickness, which for radar altimetry, is only available during the sea ice growth season. We clearly show that year-to-year variability in snow depth, along with the fraction of thin ice, plays a key role in how much light enters the Arctic Ocean. This is particularly significant in April, which in some regions, coincides with the beginning of the under-ice algal bloom, whereas we find that ice thickness is the main driver of under-ice light availability at the end of the melt season in October. The extension to the melt season due to a warmer Arctic means that snow accumulation has reduced, which is leading to positive trends in light transmission through snow. This, combined with a thinner ice cover, should lead to increased under-ice PAR also in the summer months.