Zika Virus: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Human Disease

• Published in: The American journal of the medical sciences Vol. 353; no. 5; pp. 466 - 473
• Main Authors: Nugent, Elizabeth K., MD, Nugent, Anne K., MPH, Nugent, Rebecca, PhD, Nugent, Kenneth, MD
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01-05-2017
• Subjects: Animals; Arbovirus; Culicidae; Female; Fetal microcephaly; Guillain-Barre Syndrome - epidemiology; Guillain-Barre Syndrome - virology; Guillain-Barré syndrome; Insect Control; Internal Medicine; Mosquitoes; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications - epidemiology; Pregnancy Complications - virology; Public Health; United States - epidemiology; Zika virus; Zika Virus - physiology; Zika Virus Infection - complications; Zika Virus Infection - diagnosis; Zika Virus Infection - epidemiology; Zika Virus Infection - virology; Mosquitoes; Zika virus; Arbovirus; Guillain-Barre´ syndrome; Fetal microcephaly; Guillain-Barré syndrome
• ISSN: 0002-9629; 1538-2990
• DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2016.12.018

Abstract The Zika virus is a positive sense, single-stranded RNA arbovirus in the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus . This virus was initially isolated in Africa and is transmitted to nonhuman primates and humans by mosquitoes. Initial reports describe sporadic mild viral infection with fever, arthralgia, myalgia and conjunctivitis in Africa and Asia. However, its geographic distribution has significantly increased, and it has caused large outbreaks in the Yap Islands in 2007, in French Polynesia in 2013 and in Brazil in 2015. Multiple cases of Guillain-Barre´ syndrome occurred in French Polynesia and Columbia during outbreaks, and infections in pregnant women in Brazil have been associated with microcephaly and fetal loss. The viremic phase in humans is short, and diagnosis usually depends on positive immunoglobulin M titers with serum neutralization tests for confirmation. Treatment is directed at symptoms; there are no antiviral drugs available. Transmission can also occur through sexual contact with infected men and through blood transfusion. Prevention is important in women and includes limiting travel to endemic areas when possible, control of mosquito populations and condom use when appropriate. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is actively involved in tracking these infections and providing up-to-date information.