Mass spectrometry‐based chemotaxonomic classification of Penicillium species (P. echinulatum, P. expansum, P. solitum, and P. oxalicum) and its correlation with antioxidant activity

• Published in: Journal of microbiological methods Vol. 90; no. 3; pp. 327 - 335
• Main Authors: Kim, Hyang Yeon, Park, Hye Min, Lee, Choong Hwan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 01-09-2012; Elsevier
• Subjects: Antioxidant activity; Benzothiazoles - chemistry; Biological and medical sciences; Biomarkers - chemistry; Biomarkers - metabolism; Chemotaxonomy; discriminant analysis; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer - genetics; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry; free radical scavengers; Free Radical Scavengers - chemistry; Free Radical Scavengers - metabolism; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; GC-IT-MS; gluconic acid; internal transcribed spacers; ionization; LC-ESI-MS; least squares; liquid chromatography; metabolites; Metabolome; Microbiology; Multivariate Analysis; Mycological methods and techniques used in mycology; Mycology; Penicillium; Penicillium - classification; Penicillium - genetics; Penicillium - metabolism; Penicillium oxalicum; Phylogeny; PLS-DA; salicylic acid; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Species Specificity; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Sulfonic Acids - chemistry; Chemotaxonomy; PLS-DA; LC-ESI-MS; Penicillium; GC-IT-MS; Antioxidant activity; Fungi; Taxonomy; Fungi Imperfecti; Antioxidant
• ISSN: 0167-7012; 1872-8359
• DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.006

In this study, 4 Penicillium species (17 strains) were classified on the basis of metabolite profile (chemotaxonomy) by using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization ion trap-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS), gas chromatography-ion trap-mass spectrometry (GC-IT-MS) and multivariate statistical analysis. The LC-ESI-MS-based dendrogram was similar to the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based dendrogram, in that Penicillium oxalicum was separated from the other 3 species. Moreover, vermiculidiol, meleagrin, oxaline, glandicolin A and B, and secalonic acid D were identified as metabolites that enable discrimination of Penicillium species by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Evaluation of the species-specific metabolites produced by P. expansum, P. echinulatum, and P. solitum revealed that the 3 species differed from each other. On the other hand, GC-IT-MS-based dendrogram revealed that P. expansum was clearly classified separately from the other 3 species, and this result correlated with the antioxidant activity of the 4 species: P. expansum had a higher radical scavenging activity than the other 3 species. The metabolites produced in higher amounts in P. expansum were gluconic acid (12, 29, 33); andrastin A (16), B (15), and C (17); chaetoglobosin C (14), a class of sugar (31, 32); and salicylic acid (28). The results of this study demonstrated that metabolite-based chemotaxonomy could be used not only as a classification method but also as a tool for evaluation of species-specific activities.
► This study focuses on metabolomics approach for plant-derived Penicillium species. ► We examine the chemotaxonomy and antioxidant activity of extracts. ► We identify metabolites as biomarkers for distinguishing Penicillium species. ► We reveal the species-specific bioactivity of Penicillium.