Maintaining the Utility of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Severity Surveillance: Evaluation of Trends in Attributable Deaths and Development and Validation of a Measurement Tool

• Published in: Clinical infectious diseases Vol. 77; no. 9; pp. 1247 - 1256
• Main Authors: Trottier, Caitlin, La, Jennifer, Li, Lucy L, Alsoubani, Majd, Vo, Austin D, Fillmore, Nathanael R, Branch-Elliman, Westyn, Doron, Shira, Monach, Paul A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: US Oxford University Press 11-11-2023
• Subjects: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; COVID-19; Editor's Choice; Humans; Hypoxia; Major; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; veterans; cause of death; vaccination
• ISSN: 1058-4838; 1537-6591
• DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad381

Abstract
Background
Death within a specified time window following a positive SARS-CoV-2 test is used by some agencies for attributing death to COVID-19. With Omicron variants, widespread immunity, and asymptomatic screening, there is cause to re-evaluate COVID-19 death attribution methods and develop tools to improve case ascertainment.
Methods
All patients who died following microbiologically confirmed SARS-CoV-2 in the Veterans Health Administration (VA) and at Tufts Medical Center (TMC) were identified. Records of selected vaccinated VA patients with positive tests in 2022, and of all TMC patients with positive tests in 2021–2022, were manually reviewed to classify deaths as COVID-19–related (either directly caused by or contributed to), focused on deaths within 30 days. Logistic regression was used to develop and validate a surveillance model for identifying deaths in which COVID-19 was causal or contributory.
Results
Among vaccinated VA patients who died ≤30 days after a positive test in January–February 2022, death was COVID-19–related in 103/150 cases (69%) (55% causal, 14% contributory). In June–August 2022, death was COVID-19–related in 70/150 cases (47%) (22% causal, 25% contributory). Similar results were seen among the 71 patients who died at TMC. A model including hypoxemia, remdesivir, and anti-inflammatory drugs had positive and negative predictive values of 0.82–0.95 and 0.64–0.83, respectively.
Conclusions
By mid-2022, “death within 30 days” did not provide an accurate estimate of COVID-19–related death in 2 US healthcare systems with routine admission screening. Hypoxemia and use of antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs—variables feasible for reporting to public health agencies—would improve classification of death as COVID-19–related.
Causes of death within 30 days of a positive SARS-CoV-2 test were determined in 2 healthcare systems. Deaths were 69% COVID-19–related in early 2022 but 47% in mid-2022. A combination of hypoxemia and treatment was strongly associated with COVID-related death.