Chemometric tools applied to optimize a fast solid-phase microextraction method for analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in produced water

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 28; no. 7; pp. 8012 - 8021
• Main Authors: Vasconcelos, Pedro Hermano M., Camelo, André Luiz M., de Lima, Ari Clecius A., do Nascimento, Hélio O., Vidal, Carla B., do Nascimento, Ronaldo F., Lopes, Gisele S., Longhinotti, Elisane
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-02-2021; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Environmental science; Extraction procedures; Factorial design; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Headspace; Molecular weight; Naphthalene; Optimization; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons - analysis; Research Article; Sodium chloride; Solid phase methods; Solid Phase Microextraction; Solid phases; Waste Water Technology; Water; Water Management; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Pollution Control; Solid-phase microextraction; Gas chromatography; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; Produced water; Mass spectrometry; Chemometric tools
• ISSN: 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10881-2

Chemometric tools are powerful strategies to efficiently optimize many processes. These tools were employed to optimize a fast-solid phase microextraction procedure, which was used for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in oil-based produced water using a Headspace–Solid Phase Microextraction technique (HS-SPME/GC-MS). This optimization was achieved with a 2
4
factorial design approach, where the final conditions for this extraction procedure were 10 μg L
−1
, 1 h, 92 °C (at headspace), and 0.62 mol L
−1
for PAHs concentration, fiber exposition to headspace, temperature, and NaCl concentration, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) in this protocol ranged from 0.2 to 41.4 ng L
−1
, while recovery values from 67.65 to 113.10%. Besides that, relative standard deviation (RSD) were lower than 8.39% considering high molecular weight compounds. Moreover, the proposed methodology in this work does not require any previous treatment of the sample and allows to quantify a higher number of PAHs. Notably, naphthalene was the major PAHs compound quantified in all samples of the produced water at 99.99 μg L
−1
. Altogether, these results supported this methodology as a suitable analytical strategy for fast determination of PAHs in produced water from oil-based industry.