Large satellite constellations and space debris: Exploratory analysis of strategic management of the space commons
The use of space through satellites is more and more important for nations, companies, and individuals. However, since the first satellite was sent up in 1957, mankind has been polluting space with debris (i.e., artificial objects with no function), especially in low orbits (between 100 and 2000 km)...
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Published in: | European journal of operational research Vol. 304; no. 3; pp. 1140 - 1157 |
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Main Authors: | , , |
Format: | Journal Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Elsevier
01-02-2023
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Subjects: | |
Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | The use of space through satellites is more and more important for nations, companies, and individuals. However, since the first satellite was sent up in 1957, mankind has been polluting space with debris (i.e., artificial objects with no function), especially in low orbits (between 100 and 2000 km). The current situation is such that: 1/ space agencies send on average several collision risk alerts every day, and 2/ satellites as well as the International Space Station regularly perform avoidance maneuvers to escape being damaged or simply destroyed. In addition, in the last few years, these problems have become more worrisome and may permanently change dimension with the advent of mega-constellations of satellites. Indeed, in order to develop telecommunications and high-speed Internet, several companies (e.g., Starlink, Kuiper, OneWeb, Hongyan, Hongyun, Leosat, Athena) are planning to send several tens of thousands of satellites into low orbits, which are already the most polluted. The purpose of this paper is to provide an economic analysis in terms of dynamic games of the trade-off between constellation size and cost of preserving the space environment. Our goal is to contribute to provide a framework for a sustainable development of a space economy.
L’utilisation de l’espace à l’aide de satellites artificiels est de plus en plus importante, que ce soit pour les pays, les entreprises ou les individus. Mais depuis le lancement du premier de ces satellites en 1957, l’humanité n’a cessé de polluer l’espace avec ses débris (c’est à dire des artéfacts sans aucune fonction), ceci principalement sur les orbites dites basses (de 100 à 2000 km). La situation actuelle est telle que 1/ les agences spatiales envoient plusieurs alertes de risque de collision par jour, 2/ les satellites comme la station spatiale internationale doivent régulièrement faire des manœuvres d’évitement. Ces problèmes se sont aggravés et ont sans doute définitivement changé d’échelle avec l’avènement des méga-constellations. Par exemple, plusieurs industriels (comme Starlink, Kuiper, OneWeb, Hongyang, Hongyun, Leosat, Athéna) prévoient de lancer des dizaines de milliers de satellites de télécommunication en orbite basse, les orbites déjà les plus polluées. L’objet de cet article est de proposer une analyse économique en termes de jeu dynamique du compromis entre taille des constellations et coût de la préservation l’environnement spatial. Notre objectif est de contribuer à fournir un cadre pour le développement durable de l’économie spatiale. |
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ISSN: | 0377-2217 1872-6860 |
DOI: | 10.1016/j.ejor.2022.04.030 |