Groundwater sustainability in African Metropolises: Case study from Calabar, Nigeria

• Published in: Journal of hydrology. Regional studies Vol. 45; p. 101314
• Main Authors: Uchenna, Ucheaga P., Lancia, Michele, Viaroli, Stefano, Ugbaja, Anthony N., Galluzzi, Massimiliano, Zheng, Chunmiao
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01-02-2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: Aquifer recharge; MODFLOW; Niger Delta; Numerical analysis; Quantitative hydrogeology; Quantitative hydrogeology; Numerical analysis; Aquifer recharge; MODFLOW; Niger Delta
• ISSN: 2214-5818; 2214-5818
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrh.2023.101314

Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Urban groundwater is a strategic water resource in Africa that offers a buffer against climate variability. Increasing population, extensive pollution, and climate change threaten the contribution of urban groundwater in compensating increasing freshwater demand. Modern urban areas are often established on productive alluvial aquifers because of the proximity between shallow water bodies and historical settlements. Groundwater dynamics in urban aquifers are complex. Impervious surfaces impede water infiltration, and leakage from water infrastructure contributes to groundwater recharge. In this study, groundwater dynamics of an African metropolis are assessed, and insights into aquifer protection are provided through detailed hydrogeological analysis and numerical models.
The Calabar metropolis (area of 166 km2 and 570,000 inhabitants) is characterized by a tropical climate, with annual rainfall of over 3000 mm/y and large groundwater resources enabling supply for 69% of the population. A simplified three-dimensional hydrogeological model of the metropolis was proposed using USGS-MODFLOW to assess groundwater resources and recharge rates. Recharge decreased to 46% from water-rich rural areas to disadvantaged and highly urbanized communities. Aquifer recharge driven by huge rainfall dilutes the nitrogen content and pathogens, contributing to an acceptable drinking water quality during the prolonged wet season.
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•Characterization of the Calabar urban sub-soil via a three-dimensional model.•Estimation of the urban recharge and groundwater consumption using numerical methods.•Insights into urban aquifer protection and improved water management of Calabar metropolis.