Trends in off-label use of antipsychotic medications among Texas Medicaid children and adolescents from 2013 to 2016

• Published in: Journal of managed care & specialty pharmacy Vol. 27; no. 8; pp. 1035 - 1045
• Main Authors: Chen, Shuang, Barner, Jamie C, Cho, Eun
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy 01-08-2021
• Subjects: Adolescent; Antipsychotic Agents - therapeutic use; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity - drug therapy; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Insurance Claim Review; Male; Medicaid; Off-Label Use; Texas; United States; United States; Texas
• ISSN: 2376-0540; 2376-1032
• DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.8.1035

Antipsychotics are frequently prescribed for off-label indications in the pediatric population. However, little is known regarding this issue in Texas Medicaid.
To (1) describe off-label antipsychotic use among Texas Medicaid children and adolescents and (2) examine factors associated with off-label use.
Texas Medicaid prescription and medical claims from January 2013 to August 2016 were analyzed retrospectively among subjects aged 2-17 years with an antipsychotic prescription. Three diagnostic status groups (on-label, off-label, no diagnosis) were categorized based on FDA-approved indications. Descriptive and chi-square tests were conducted to determine if diagnostic status differed by age group (2-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15-17 years), sex, and antipsychotic type. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with off-label use.
In this study, 43,792, 44,335, 37,221, and 24,879 (January-August) children with at least 1 antipsychotic prescription were identified from 2013 to 2016, respectively. The proportions with off-label use declined from 66.9% (2013) to 59.8% (2016). Among off-label users, more than one-half (51.3%-55.8%) had a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Less than 8% (6.0%-7.7%) of subjects had no mental health disorder diagnosis. Chisquare analyses (2015 data) revealed that the proportion of off-label and no diagnosis users combined were significantly (
< 0.01) higher among users aged 5-9 years (82.5%) than adolescents 10-14 years (61.9%) and 15-17 years (56.5%); males (67.7%) than females (65.3%); and first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs; 79.3%) than second-generation antipsychotics (66.7%) users. Logistic regression analyses revealed younger age and FGA users had higher odds of off-label/no diagnosis use.
The proportion of off-label/no diagnosis antipsychotic use declined from 2013 to 2016. Younger children and those receiving FGAs were more likely to be off-label antipsychotic users, with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder being the most prevalent off-label diagnosis.
No outside funding supported this study. The authors have nothing to disclose. This study was presented as an abstract at the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry's 67th Annual Meeting (Virtual), October 2020.