Comprehensive Profile of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Ambulatory Persons with Multiple Sclerosis

• Published in: Sports medicine (Auckland) Vol. 46; no. 9; pp. 1365 - 1379
• Main Authors: Klaren, Rachel E., Sandroff, Brian M., Fernhall, Bo, Motl, Robert W.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01-09-2016; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Adult; Anaerobic Threshold; Carbon dioxide; Carbon Dioxide - physiology; Cardiorespiratory Fitness; Disease; Exercise; Exercise Test - methods; Exercise Therapy; Exercise Tolerance; Female; Fitness training programs; Heart Rate; Humans; Male; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Multiple sclerosis; Multiple Sclerosis - diagnosis; Original Research Article; Oxygen - physiology; Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; Physical fitness; Physiology; Pulmonary Gas Exchange; Sports Medicine; Studies; Ventilation; Multiple Sclerosis; Severe Disability; Respiratory Exchange Ratio; Expand Disability Status Scale; Mean Difference
• ISSN: 0112-1642; 1179-2035
• DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0472-6

Background
The study and application of exercise in multiple sclerosis (MS) often requires cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) to provide a comprehensive assessment of exercise tolerance and responses, including an evaluation of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. Research on CPET in persons with MS has considerable limitations, including small sample sizes, often without controls; not reporting outcomes across disability status; and different modalities of exercise testing across studies. Although some key outcome variables of CPET have been studied in persons with MS, additional calculated variables have not been directly studied.
Objective
The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive examination of outcome variables from CPET among persons with MS and healthy controls.
Methods
We included data from 162 persons with MS and 80 healthy controls who underwent CPET on a leg ergometer and satisfied criteria for valid testing for measuring oxygen uptake (
V
O
2
), carbon dioxide production (
V
CO
2
), ventilation (VE), respiratory exchange ratio, work rate, and heart rate (HR). Calculated variables [i.e. ventilatory anaerobic threshold (
V
O
2
/
V
CO
2
), VE/
V
CO
2
slope,
V
O
2
/power slope,
V
O
2
/HR slope, and oxygen uptake efficiency slope] were processed using standard guidelines. We examined differences in the CPET variables between groups (e.g. MS vs. controls and categories of mild, moderate, and severe disability status) using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for age, sex, body mass index, and disease duration.
Results
Overall, persons with MS demonstrate alterations in outcomes from CPET compared with controls, and these are generally exacerbated with increasing disability.
Conclusion
Our results provide novel information for the evaluation of CPET in MS for developing exercise prescriptions and documenting adaptations with exercise training based on the comprehensive variables obtained during CPET.