Thrombolysis: Improving door-to-needle times for ischemic stroke treatment – A narrative review

• Published in: International Journal of Stroke Vol. 13; no. 3; pp. 268 - 276
• Main Authors: Kamal, Noreen, Smith, Eric E, Jeerakathil, Thomas, Hill, Michael D
• Format: Book Review Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London, England SAGE Publications 01-04-2018
• Subjects: Brain Ischemia - complications; Humans; Stroke - etiology; Stroke - therapy; Thrombolytic Therapy - methods; Time Factors; Time-to-Treatment; thrombolysis; door-to-needle; Acute stroke
• ISSN: 1747-4930; 1747-4949
• DOI: 10.1177/1747493017743060

Background
The effectiveness of thrombolysis is highly time dependent. For this reason, short target times have been set to reduce time to treatment from hospital arrival, which is called door-to-needle time.
Summary of review
There has been considerable work done at single centers and across multiple hospitals to improve door-to-needle time. There have been reductions of 8 to 47 min when applying one or more improvement strategies at single centers, and there have been many multi-hospital initiatives. The delays to treatment have been attributed to both patient and hospital factors, and strategies to address these delays have been proven to reduce door-to-needle time. The most effective strategies include pre-notification of arrival by Emergency Medical Services (EMS), single-call activation of stroke team, rapid registration process, moving the patient to computed tomography on EMS stretcher, and administration of alteplase in the scanner. There are many exciting areas of future direction including reduction of door-to-needle time in developing countries, improving pre-hospital response times, and improving the efficiency of endovascular treatment.
Conclusions
There is now a broad understanding of the causes of delays to fast treatment and the strategies that can be employed to improve door-to-needle time such that most centers could achieve median door-to-needle time of 30 min.