The methylation level of a single cancer risk marker gene reflects methylation burden in gastric mucosa

• Published in: Gastric cancer : official journal of the International Gastric Cancer Association and the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association Vol. 26; no. 5; pp. 667 - 676
• Main Authors: Irie, Takahiro, Yamada, Harumi, Takeuchi, Chihiro, Liu, Yu-Yu, Charvat, Hadrien, Shimazu, Taichi, Ando, Takayuki, Maekita, Takao, Abe, Seiichiro, Takamaru, Hiroyuki, Kodama, Masaaki, Murakami, Kazunari, Sugimoto, Kiichi, Sakamoto, Kazuhiro, Ushijima, Toshikazu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Singapore Springer Nature Singapore 01-09-2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Abdominal Surgery; Biomarkers; Cancer Research; DNA Methylation; DNA microarrays; Epigenetics; Gastric cancer; Gastric mucosa; Gastric Mucosa - metabolism; Gastritis; Gastritis, Atrophic - genetics; Gastroenterology; Health risks; Helicobacter Infections - complications; Helicobacter Infections - genetics; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Medicine; Medicine & Public Health; Oncology; Original Article; Risk Factors; Risk groups; Stomach Neoplasms - genetics; Stomach Neoplasms - metabolism; Surgical Oncology; Risk prediction; Methylation burden; Driver gene methylation; Gastric cancer
• ISSN: 1436-3291; 1436-3305
• DOI: 10.1007/s10120-023-01399-w

Background
Gastric cancer risk can be accurately predicted by measuring the methylation level of a single marker gene in gastric mucosa. However, the mechanism is still uncertain. We hypothesized that the methylation level measured reflects methylation alterations in the entire genome (methylation burden), induced by
Helicobacter pylori
(
H. pylori
) infection, and thus cancer risk.
Methods
Gastric mucosa of 15 healthy volunteers without
H. pylori
infection (G1), 98 people with atrophic gastritis (G2), and 133 patients with gastric cancer (G3) after
H. pylori
eradication were collected. Methylation burden of an individual was obtained by microarray analysis as an inverse of the correlation coefficient between the methylation levels of 265,552 genomic regions in the person’s gastric mucosa and those in an entirely healthy mucosa.
Results
The methylation burden significantly increased in the order of G1 (n = 4), G2 (n = 18), and G3 (n = 19) and was well correlated with the methylation level of a single marker gene (r = 0.91 for
miR124a-3
). The average methylation levels of nine driver genes tended to increase according to the risk levels (
P
 = 0.08 between G2 vs G3) and was also correlated with the methylation level of a single marker gene (r = 0.94). Analysis of more samples (14 G1, 97 G2, and 131 G3 samples) yielded significant increases of the average methylation levels between risk groups.
Conclusions
The methylation level of a single marker gene reflects the methylation burden, which includes driver gene methylation, and thus accurately predicts cancer risk.