Spatial Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTE) Concentration in Agaricus bisporus Mushroom Collected from Local Vegetable Markets of Uttarakhand State, India

• Published in: Journal of fungi (Basel) Vol. 8; no. 5; p. 452
• Main Authors: Kumar, Pankaj, Kumar, Vinod, Eid, Ebrahem M, Al-Huqail, Arwa A, Adelodun, Bashir, Abou Fayssal, Sami, Goala, Madhumita, Arya, Ashish Kumar, Bachheti, Archana, Andabaka, Željko, Choi, Kyung Sook, Širić, Ivan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 27-04-2022; MDPI
• Subjects: Agaricus bisporus; Atomic absorption spectroscopy; Cadmium; Chromium; Cluster analysis; Copper; Geographical distribution; health risk; Health risk assessment; Health risks; Kruskal-Wallis test; Lead; Manganese; mushroom; Mushrooms; potentially toxic elements; principal component; Principal components analysis; Risk assessment; Sampling; spatial analysis; Vegetables; India; health risk; potentially toxic elements; spatial analysis; cluster analysis; principal component; mushroom
• ISSN: 2309-608X; 2309-608X
• DOI: 10.3390/jof8050452

This study presents a spatial assessment of eight potentially toxic elements (PTE: Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Mn, and Zn) in white button (Agaricus bisporus J.E. Lange) mushroom samples collected from the local vegetable markets of Uttarakhand State, India. Fresh A. bisporus samples were collected from thirteen districts and fifteen sampling locations (M1-M15) and analyzed for the concentration of these PTE using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The results revealed that A. bisporus contained all eight selected PTE in all sampling locations. Based on the inverse distance weighted (IDW) interpolation, principal component (PC), and hierarchical cluster (HC) analyses, the areas with a plane geographical distribution showed the highest PTE concentrations in the A. bisporus samples as compared to those in hilly areas. Overall, the decreasing order of PTE concentration in A. bisporus was recognized as Fe > Zn > Mn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Cd > Pb. The Kruskal−Wallis ANOVA tests displayed a highly significant (p < 0.05) difference among the sampling locations. However, the concentration of PTE was below permissible limits, indicating no potential hazard in consuming the A. bisporus. Similarly, the health risk assessment studies using the target hazard quotient (THQ) also showed no significant health risk associated with the consumption of A. bisporus being sold in the local mushroom markets of Uttarakhand, India. This study is the first report on state-level monitoring of PTE in A. bisporus mushrooms, which provides crucial information regarding the monitoring and occurrence of potentially toxic metallic elements.