Estimating Compressional Velocity and Bulk Density Logs in Marine Gas Hydrates Using Machine Learning

• Published in: Energies (Basel) Vol. 16; no. 23; p. 7709
• Main Authors: Naim, Fawz, Cook, Ann E., Moortgat, Joachim
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-12-2023
• Subjects: Accuracy; bulk density; Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry); Clay; compressional velocity; Datasets; Drilling; gas hydrate; Gas hydrates; K nearest neighbors; Machine learning; Natural gas; Neural networks; Observatories; random forest; Sediments; Sediments (Geology); well logs; Texas; China; Cascadia; Bay of Bengal; Gulf of Mexico
• ISSN: 1996-1073; 1996-1073
• DOI: 10.3390/en16237709

Compressional velocity (Vp) and bulk density (ρb) logs are essential for characterizing gas hydrates and near-seafloor sediments; however, it is sometimes difficult to acquire these logs due to poor borehole conditions, safety concerns, or cost-related issues. We present a machine learning approach to predict either compressional Vp or ρb logs with high accuracy and low error in near-seafloor sediments within water-saturated intervals, in intervals where hydrate fills fractures, and intervals where hydrate occupies the primary pore space. We use scientific-quality logging-while-drilling well logs, gamma ray, ρb, Vp, and resistivity to train the machine learning model to predict Vp or ρb logs. Of the six machine learning algorithms tested (multilinear regression, polynomial regression, polynomial regression with ridge regularization, K nearest neighbors, random forest, and multilayer perceptron), we find that the random forest and K nearest neighbors algorithms are best suited to predicting Vp and ρb logs based on coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 70% and mean absolute percentage errors less than 4%. Given the high accuracy and low error results for Vp and ρb prediction in both hydrate and water-saturated sediments, we argue that our model can be applied in most LWD wells to predict Vp or ρb logs in near-seafloor siliciclastic sediments on continental slopes irrespective of the presence or absence of gas hydrate.