Lifestyle and Nickel Allergy in a Swedish Adolescent Population: Effects of Piercing, Tattooing and Orthodontic Appliances

• Published in: Acta dermato-venereologica Vol. 92; no. 6; pp. 664 - 668
• Main Authors: FORS, Ronny, PERSSON, Maurits, BERGSTRÖM, Erik, STENLUND, Hans, STYMNE, Birgitta, STENBERG, Berndt
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Uppsala Acta dermato-venereologica 01-01-2012
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Age Factors; Biological and medical sciences; Body Piercing - adverse effects; Body Piercing - trends; Chi-Square Distribution; Cross-Sectional Studies; Dermatology; Diet, Vegetarian; Epidemiology; Female; General aspects; Humans; Hypersensitivity - diagnosis; Hypersensitivity - epidemiology; Hypersensitivity - psychology; Life Style; Logistic Models; Male; Medical sciences; Multivariate Analysis; Nickel - adverse effects; Odds Ratio; Orthodontic Appliances - adverse effects; Orthodontic Appliances - trends; Prevalence; Public health. Hygiene; Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Skin Tests; Smoking - epidemiology; Surveys and Questionnaires; Sweden - epidemiology; Tattooing - adverse effects; Tattooing - trends; Vocational Education; Young Adult; Sweden; Europe; Human; Immunopathology; Allergy; Prevalence; Questionnaire; Dermatology; Epidemiology; youth; Treatment; Adolescent; Risk factor; patch test; orthodontic treatment; risk; Patch
• ISSN: 0001-5555; 1651-2057; 1651-2057
• DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1305

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of life-style practices in adolescents and their association with nickel allergy. Upper secondary school pupils (n = 4,376; 15-23 years) were patch-tested for nickel aller-gy, follow-ing completion of a questionnaire (answered by 6,095). Almost 86% girls and 21% of boys reported piercing. More girls (6%) than boys (3%) had a tattoo. Twenty-six percent of the girls and 18% of the boys were regular smokers. Vegetarian/vegan diets were reported by 20% of girls and by 6% of boys. Piercing, female gender, and vocational programme increased the risk of nickel allergy, whereas orthodontic appliance treat-ment prior to piercing reduced the risk of nickel allergy. Pupils in vocational programmes had the highest prevalence of nickel allergy. Lifestyle behaviours are interconnected and cluster in subgroups of adolescents. Female sex, piercing and choice of educational programme are prominent lifestyle markers. A trend shift is observed, where more girls than boys report tattooing.