Components of small urban parks that predict the possibility for restoration

• Published in: Urban forestry & urban greening Vol. 8; no. 4; pp. 225 - 235
• Main Authors: Nordh, H., Hartig, T., Hagerhall, C.M., Fry, G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Jena Elsevier GmbH 2009; Elsevier
• Subjects: Agronomy. Soil science and plant productions; Animal, plant and microbial ecology; Applied ecology; Biological and medical sciences; Design; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; General agroecology. Agricultural and farming systems. Agricultural development. Rural area planning. Landscaping; General agronomy. Plant production; General aspects; Generalities. Agricultural and farming systems. Agricultural development; Landscape architecture; Landscaping; Pocket park; Restorative environments; SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP; SOCIAL SCIENCES; Stress; Vegetation; Design; Restorative environments; Landscape architecture; Stress; Pocket park; Vegetation; Urban park; Urban environment; Landscape design; Restoration; Prediction; Environment
• ISSN: 1618-8667; 1610-8167; 1610-8167
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2009.06.003

In densifying cities, small green spaces such as pocket parks are likely to become more important as settings for restoration. Well-designed small parks may serve restoration well, but earlier research on restorative environments does not provide detailed information about the specific components of the physical environment that support restoration. In this study we assessed the extent to which hardscape, grass, lower ground vegetation, flowering plants, bushes, trees, water, and size predicted the judged possibility for restoration in small urban green spaces. We took individual parks as the units of analysis. The parks were sampled from Scandinavian cities, and each park was represented by a single photo. Each photo was quantified in terms of the different objective park components and also rated on psychological variables related to restoration. The ratings on the psychological variables being away, fascination, likelihood of restoration, and preference were provided by groups of people familiar with such parks. The variables most predictive of the likelihood of restoration were the percentage of ground surface covered by grass, the amount of trees and bushes visible from the given viewing point, and apparent park size. Formal mediation analyses indicated distinctive patterns of full and partial mediation of the relations between environmental components and restoration likelihood by being away and fascination. Our results provide guidance for the design of small yet restorative urban parks.