Trained immunity: a new avenue for tuberculosis vaccine development

• Published in: Journal of internal medicine Vol. 279; no. 4; pp. 337 - 346
• Main Authors: Lerm, M., Netea, M. G.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-04-2016
• Subjects: Adaptive immunity; BCG; epigenetics; Exposure; Humans; Immune response; Immune system; Immunity; Immunity (Disease); Immunity, Innate - immunology; Immunological memory; Innate immunity; Latent Tuberculosis - immunology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis - physiology; Pattern recognition; Pattern recognition receptors; Receptors; Receptors, Pattern Recognition - physiology; trained immunity; Tuberculosis; Tuberculosis - immunology; Tuberculosis Vaccines - immunology; Vaccine development; Vaccines; innate immunity; trained immunity; epigenetics; BCG; tuberculosis
• ISSN: 0954-6820; 1365-2796; 1365-2796
• DOI: 10.1111/joim.12449

Adaptive immunity towards tuberculosis (TB) has been extensively studied for many years. In addition, in recent years the profound contribution of innate immunity to host defence against this disease has become evident. The discovery of pattern recognition receptors, which allow innate immunity to tailor its response to different infectious agents, has challenged the view that this arm of immunity is nonspecific. Evidence is now accumulating that innate immunity can remember a previous exposure to a microorganism and respond differently during a second exposure. Although the specificity and memory of innate immunity cannot compete with the highly sophisticated adaptive immune response, its contribution to host defence against infection and to vaccine‐induced immunity should not be underestimated and needs to be explored. Here, we present the concept of trained immunity and discuss how this may contribute to new avenues for control of TB.