Information and Communication Theoretical Understanding and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injuries: State-of-The-Art and Research Challenges

• Published in: IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering Vol. 16; pp. 332 - 347
• Main Authors: Akan, Ozgur B., Ramezani, Hamideh, Civas, Meltem, Cetinkaya, Oktay, Bilgin, Bilgesu A., Abbasi, Naveed A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 2023; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: artificial neurons; Axons; Brain; Brain injury; Brain-Computer Interfaces; Communication; Computer applications; Humans; Implants; Injuries; Interfaces; Muscles; Nervous system; neural interface systems; Neurons; Spinal cord injuries; Spinal Cord Injuries - therapy; Spinal cord injury; spinal treatments; Synapses; Technology
• ISSN: 1937-3333; 1941-1189
• DOI: 10.1109/RBME.2021.3056455

Among the various key networks in the human body, the nervous system occupies central importance. The debilitating effects of spinal cord injuries (SCI) impact a significant number of people throughout the world, and to date, there is no satisfactory method to treat them. In this paper, we review the major treatment techniques for SCI that include promising solutions based on information and communication technology (ICT) and identify the key characteristics of such systems. We then introduce two novel ICT-based treatment approaches for SCI. The first proposal is based on neural interface systems (NIS) with enhanced feedback, where the external machines are interfaced with the brain and the spinal cord such that the brain signals are directly routed to the limbs for movement. The second proposal relates to the design of self-organizing artificial neurons (ANs) that can be used to replace the injured or dead biological neurons. Apart from SCI treatment, the proposed methods may also be utilized as enabling technologies for neural interface applications by acting as bio-cyber interfaces between the nervous system and machines. Furthermore, under the framework of Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT), experience gained from SCI treatment techniques can be transferred to nano communication research.