RFID and Drones: The Next Generation of Plant Inventory

• Published in: AgriEngineering Vol. 3; no. 2; pp. 168 - 181
• Main Authors: Quino, Jannette, Maja, Joe Mari, Robbins, James, Fernandez, R. Thomas, Owen, James S., Chappell, Matthew
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01-06-2021
• Subjects: Agricultural industry; Agriculture; Animals; Antennas; Data acquisition; Design; drone; Drone aircraft; Drones; Field tests; Inventory; Inventory control; Inventory management; microcontroller; Moisture content; ornamental; precision agriculture; Radio frequency identification; Receivers & amplifiers; RFID; Scanning; Tags; Unmanned aircraft; United States > US; China
• ISSN: 2624-7402; 2624-7402
• DOI: 10.3390/agriengineering3020011

Collection of plant inventory (i.e., count, grade, plant size, yield) data is time-consuming, costly, and can be inaccurate. In response to increasing labor costs and shortages, there is an increased need for the adoption of more automated technologies by the nursery industry. Growers, small and large, are beginning to adopt technologies (e.g., plant spacing robots) that automate or augment certain operations, but greater strides must be taken to integrate next-generation technologies into these challenging unstructured agricultural environments. The main objective of this work is to demonstrate merging specific ground and aerial-based technologies (Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), and small Unmanned Aircraft System (sUAS)) into a holistic systems approach to address the specific need of moving toward automated on-demand plant inventory. This preliminary work focuses on evaluating different RFID tags with respect to their distance and orientation to the RFID reader. Fourteen different RFID tags, five distances (1.5 m, 3.0 m, 4.5 m, 6.0 m, and 7.6 m), and four tag orientations (the front of the tag (UP), back of the tag (DN), tag at sideways left (SL), and tag at sideways right (SR)) were assessed. Results showed that the tag upward orientation resulted in the highest scanning total for both the laboratory and field experiments. Two orientations (UP and SR) had significant effect on the scan total of tags. The distance between the reader and the tags at 1.5 m and 6.0 m did not significantly affect the scanning efficiency of the RFID system in horizontally fixed (p-value > 0.05) position regardless of tags. Different tag designs also produced different scan totals. Overall, since most of the tags were scanned at least once (except for Tag 6F), it is a very promising technology for use in nursery inventory data acquisition. This work will create a unique inventory system for agriculture where locations of plants or animals will not present a barrier as the system can easily be mounted on a drone. Although these experiments are focused on inventory in plant nurseries, results for this work has potential for inventory management in other agricultural sectors.