Phenotypic plasticity can explain evolution of sympatric polymorphism in the hairy snail Trochulus hispidus (Linnaeus, 1758)

• Published in: Current zoology Vol. 63; no. 4; pp. 389 - 402
• Main Authors: Pro´ków, Małgorzata, Kuźnik-Kowalska, Elżbieta, Mackiewicz, Paweł
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Oxford University Press 01-08-2017
• Subjects: Clutch size; Environmental conditions; Evolution; Fecundity; Gene polymorphism; Genetic crosses; Hatching; Laboratories; Morphology; Phenotypic plasticity; Phylogenetics; Phylogeny; Species; Sympatric populations; Taxonomy; Umbilicus; crossbreeding; shell morphology; principal component analysis; cytochrome c oxidase subunit I; molecular phylogeny; phenotypic variation
• ISSN: 1674-5507; 2396-9814
• DOI: 10.1093/cz/zow082

Abstract
Morphological variation of snails from the genus Trochulus is so huge that their taxonomy is unclear. The greatest variability concerns forms hispidus and sericeus/plebeius, which are often considered as separate species. To evidence the species barriers, we carried out crossbreeding experiments between these two sympatric morphs. Moreover, we compared the shell morphology of laboratory-bred offspring with their wild parents to test if the variation can be explained by the phenotypic plasticity model. We found that the two Trochulus morphs show no reproductive barriers. The fecundity rates, the mean clutch size, and F1 viability observed for all crosses were not significantly different. In hybrid crosses (in F2 generation), we also recorded reproduction compatibility, similar fecundity, and hatching success as in their parents. Accordingly, phylogenetic analyses revealed the significant grouping of sequences from these different morphs and supported no constrains in reproduction between them. Comparison of shell morphology between wild and laboratory samples showed that various characters appeared highly plastic. The average shell shape of the hispidus morph changed significantly from flat with wide umbilicus to elevated with narrower umbilicus such as in the sericeus/plebeius morph. All these findings indicate that the examined morphs do not represent separate biological species and the evolutionary process is not advanced enough to separate their genetic pool. Therefore, phenotypic plasticity has played a significant role in the evolution of Trochulus shell polymorphism. The two morphs can evolve independently in separate phylogenetic lineages under the influence of local environmental conditions.