Modelling visual-vestibular integration and behavioural adaptation in the driving simulator

• Published in: Transportation research. Part F, Traffic psychology and behaviour Vol. 66; pp. 310 - 323
• Main Authors: Markkula, Gustav, Romano, Richard, Waldram, Rachel, Giles, Oscar, Mole, Callum, Wilkie, Richard
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01-10-2019; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Adaptation; Automobile drivers; Automobile driving; Computer simulation; Cues; Domains; Driver behavior; Driver model; Drivers; Empirical analysis; Motion scaling; Multisensory integration; Path tracking; Performance evaluation; Rescaling; Scaling; Sensory perception; Simulators; Slalom; Steering; Traffic accidents & safety; Yaw; Motion scaling; Multisensory integration; Steering; Slalom; Driver model
• ISSN: 1369-8478; 1873-5517
• DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2019.07.018

•We extended driver steering models to multisensory integration and behavioural adaptation.•Empirical findings from slalom tasks in simulators were explained by the model.•Down-scaling of motion cues seems to cause drivers to underestimate vehicle yaw rate.•The model explains why slalom performance is optimal for somewhat down-scaled motion.•Several plausible mechanisms for driver adaptation to down-scaled motion were identified.
It is well established that not only vision but also other sensory modalities affect drivers’ control of their vehicles, and that drivers adapt over time to persistent changes in sensory cues (for example in driving simulators), but the mechanisms underlying these behavioural phenomena are poorly understood. Here, we consider the existing literature on how driver steering in slalom tasks is affected by down-scaling of vestibular cues, and propose, for the first time, a computational model of driver behaviour that can, based on neurobiologically plausible mechanisms, explain the empirically observed effects, namely: decreased task performance and increased steering effort during initial exposure, followed by a partial reversal of these effects as task exposure is prolonged. Unexpectedly, the model also reproduced another previously unexplained empirical finding: a local optimum for motion down-scaling, where path-tracking is better than when one-to-one motion cues are available. Overall, our findings suggest that: (1) drivers make direct use of vestibular information as part of determining appropriate steering actions, and (2) motion down-scaling causes a yaw rate underestimation phenomenon, where drivers behave as if the simulated vehicle is rotating more slowly than it is. However, (3) in the slalom task, a certain degree of such underestimation brings a path-tracking performance benefit. Furthermore, (4) behavioural adaptation in simulated slalom driving tasks may occur due to (a) down-weighting of vestibular cues, and/or (b) increased sensitivity in timing and magnitude of steering corrections, but (c) seemingly not in the form of a full compensatory rescaling of the received vestibular input. The analyses presented here provide new insights and hypotheses about simulated driving and simulator design, and the developed models can be used to support research on multisensory integration and behavioural adaptation in both driving and other task domains.