Microplastics (≤ 10 μm) bioaccumulation in marine sponges along the Moroccan Mediterranean coast: Insights into species-specific distribution and potential bioindication

• Published in: Environmental research Vol. 235; p. 116608
• Main Authors: Krikech, Imad, Oliveri Conti, Gea, Pulvirenti, Eloise, Rapisarda, Paola, Castrogiovanni, Maria, Maisano, Maria, Le Pennec, Gaël, Leermakers, Martine, Ferrante, Margherita, Cappello, Tiziana, Ezziyyani, Mohammed
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier Inc 15-10-2023; Elsevier
• Subjects: Bioindicators; Coastal pollution; Environmental Sciences; Microplastic pollution; Morocco; Porifera; SEM-EDX; SEM-EDX; Bioindicators; Microplastic pollution; Morocco; Coastal pollution; Porifera
• ISSN: 0013-9351; 1096-0953; 1096-0953
• DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116608

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive in marine environments and widely recognized as emerging environmental pollutants due to the multifaceted risks they exert on living organisms and ecosystems. Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are essential suspension-feeding organisms that may be highly susceptible to MPs uptake due to their global distribution, unique feeding behavior, and sedentary lifestyle. However, the role of sponges in MP research remains largely underexplored. In the present study, we investigate the presence and abundance of MPs (≤10 μm size) in four sponge species, namely Chondrosia reniformis, Ircinia variabilis, Petrosia ficiformis, and Sarcotragus spinosulus collected from four sites along the Mediterranean coast of Morocco, as well as their spatial distribution. MPs analysis was conducted using an innovative Italian patented extraction methodology coupled with SEM-EDX detection. Our findings reveal the presence of MPs in all collected sponge specimens, indicating a pollution rate of 100%. The abundance of MPs in the four sponge species ranged from 3.95×105 to 1.05×106 particles per gram dry weight of sponge tissue, with significant differences observed among sampling sites but no species-specific differences. These results imply that the uptake of MPs by sponges is likely influenced by aquatic environmental pollution rather than the sponge species themselves. The smallest and largest MPs were identified in C. reniformis and P. ficiformis, with median diameters of 1.84 μm and 2.57 μm, respectively. Overall, this study provides the first evidence and an important baseline for the ingestion of small MP particles in Mediterranean sponges, introducing the hypothesis that they may serve as valuable bioindicators of MP pollution in the near future.
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•A pioneering study on the characterization of microplastics in Mediterranean sponges.•MPs were found in all sponge tissues ranging from 3.95×105 to 1.05×106 particles/g.•The abundance of MPs is related to the surrounding anthropogenic activities.•All sponge samples showed levels of MPs higher than other benthic invertebrates.•The use of sponges as future bioindicators of MP pollution is suggested.