The relationship between tax rates and tax revenues in eurozone member countries ‐ exploring the Laffer curve

• Published in: Bulletin of economic research Vol. 72; no. 2; pp. 121 - 145
• Main Authors: Ferreira‐Lopes, Alexandra, Martins, Luís Filipe, Espanhol, Ruben
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-04-2020
• Subjects: business cycle; Business cycles; C23; Corporate taxes; E62; Eurozone; eurozone countries; H21; Harmonization; Income taxes; Laffer curve; Panel data; SUR models; Tax rates; Tax revenues; Taxation; VAT; Europe
• ISSN: 0307-3378; 1467-8586
• DOI: 10.1111/boer.12211

We estimate Laffer Curves for direct and indirect taxes for each Eurozone country, using panel data from 1995 to 2011, by means of Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) models. We choose the three taxes that contribute the most to the government tax revenue: the value added tax (VAT), the corporate income tax (CT), and the labour income tax (LT). From our estimated significant parameters, which have the expected signs according to the Laffer Curve theory, we obtained a maximum/optimal tax rate for VAT for Greece, Portugal, and Slovakia and for the majority of the Eurozone countries for direct taxes. We also take into consideration the business cycle. Many countries do not present differences in regime, and when they do, the optimal tax rate is higher during recessions. Finally, we compare the observed tax rates in 2012 to the estimated optimal tax rates, to assess if the 2012 policy was located at the prohibitive range of the Laffer Curve. Our results are important for the discussions about fiscal discipline and harmonization in the Eurozone, since they exhibit important disparities between countries and taxes. We can see that, especially for CT and LT, there is a strong divide between the values of the optimal maximum tax rates for Eastern European countries and Western European economies. Additionally, the economic and financial conditions of each country also influence the value for the tax rate.