Effects of Chloramine T on zebrafish embryos malformations associated with cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity

• Published in: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Vol. 86; no. 11; pp. 372 - 381
• Main Authors: Rivero-Wendt, Carla Letícia Gediel, Fernandes, Luana Garcia, dos Santos, Andreza Negreli, Brito, Igor Leal, dos Santos Jaques, Jeandre Augusto, dos Santos dos Anjos, Edson, Fernandes, Carlos Eurico
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Taylor & Francis 03-06-2023; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Acetylcholinesterase; Antiseptics; Aquaculture; Biocides; Cardiotoxicity; Danio rerio; Developmental stages; Disinfectants; Disruption; Edema; Embryogenesis; Embryos; Exposure; fish embryo toxicity; Fish farms; Hatching; Larvae; Lethality; Neurotoxicity; Physiological responses; Toluene; Toxicants; Zebrafish; Zebrafish; acetylcholinesterase; disinfectants; neurotoxicity; Cardiotoxicity; fish embryo toxicity
• ISSN: 1528-7394; 1087-2620; 2381-3504
• DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2205271

Chloramine T, a sodium p-toluene sulfonchloramide, is known to possess a wide spectrum of biocidal activity and is employed as a disinfectant in fish farms to treat bacterial infections. Although Chloramine T may effectively combat pathogens, the sublethal and lethal effects and changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity remain poorly elucidated using Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos. Zebrafish is considered a model organism for toxicant screening research and exhibits mammalian-like physiological responses when exposed to environmental pollutants. The aim of this study was to (1) determine LC
50
of Chloramine T after 96 hr exposure, (2) verify disinfectant effects on developmental morphology, and (3) evaluate the disinfectant effects on AChE activity in zebrafish embryos. Chloramine T exposure was performed using 16, 32, 64, 128, or 256 mg/L concentrations. The mortality LC
50
values were 143.05 ± 3.11 and 130.97 ± 7.4 mg/L at 24 and 96 hr, respectively. Data demonstrated delayed hatching, reduced heartbeats, cardiac edema, and equilibrium disruption of hatched larvae throughout embryonic development. In addition, Chloramine T inhibited AChE activity at 64 or 128 mg/L after 96 hr treatment, corroborating the sub-lethality results observed in zebrafish embryo development and demonstrating an equilibrium disruption in zebrafish larvae.