Vacuum phototriodes for the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter endcap

• Published in: IEEE transactions on nuclear science Vol. 51; no. 5; pp. 2284 - 2287
• Main Authors: Bell, K.W., Brown, R.M., Cockerill, D.J.A., Flower, P.S., Hobson, P.R., Kennedy, B.W., Lintern, A.L., Selby, C.S., Sharif, O., Sproston, M., Williams, J.H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01-10-2004; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Collision mitigation; Crystals; Electromagnetic measurements; Electromagnetic radiation; Magnetic field measurement; Mesons; Particle measurements; Photodetectors; Production; Solenoids
• ISSN: 0018-9499; 1558-1578
• DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2004.836053

The measurement of scintillation light from the lead tungstate crystals of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) poses a substantial technical challenge, particularly in the endcap regions, where the radiation levels are highest. The photodetectors must be fast, sensitive, radiation-hard, and operate with significant internal gain in a magnetic field of 4 Tesla. The measured performance characteristics of the first batches of series production vacuum phototriodes (VPT), developed to satisfy the needs of CMS, will be described.