Integration, qualification, and launch of the Mini-EUSO telescope on board the ISS

• Published in: Atti della Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Rendiconti Lincei. Scienze fisiche e naturali Vol. 34; no. 1; pp. 23 - 35
• Main Authors: Marcelli, L., Barghini, D., Battisti, M., Blaksley, C., Blin, S., Belov, A., Bertaina, M., Bianciotto, M., Bisconti, F., Bolmgren, K., Cambiè, G., Capel, F., Casolino, M., Churilo, I., Crisconio, M., Taille, C. De La, Ebisuzaki, T., Eser, J., Fenu, F., Franceschi, M. A., Fuglesang, C., Golzio, A., Gorodetzky, P., Kasuga, H., Kajino, F., Klimov, P., Kuznetsov, V., Manfrin, M., Mascetti, G., Marszał, W., Miyamoto, H., Murashov, A., Napolitano, T., Ohmori, H., Olinto, A., Parizot, E., Picozza, P., Piotrowski, L. W., Plebaniak, Z., Prévôt, G., Reali, E., Romoli, G., Ricci, M., Sakaki, N., Shinozaki, K., Szabelski, J., Takizawa, Y., Valentini, G., Vrabel, M., Wiencke, L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 2023; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Arrays; Biomedicine; Cosmic radiation; Cosmic rays; Disks; Earth; Earth and Environmental Science; Earth Sciences; Earth surface; Elves (atmospherics); Emissions; Environment; Flight operations; Fresnel lenses; Frontiers in Italian studies on Space Weather and Space Climate; History of Science; ISS; Life Sciences; Meteoroids; Meteors; Meteors & meteorites; Mission planning; Modules; Multinational space ventures; Night; Optics; Photomultiplier tubes; Physics; Spatial discrimination; Spatial resolution; SQM; Telescopes; Transient luminous events; UHECRs; Ultraviolet emission; UV emissions; UV telescope; UHECRs; Transient luminous events; UV emissions; ISS; Meteors; SQM; UV telescope
• ISSN: 2037-4631; 1720-0776; 1720-0776
• DOI: 10.1007/s12210-023-01142-8

Mini-EUSO is a high-sensitivity imaging telescope that observes the Earth from the ISS in the near ultraviolet band (290
÷
430 nm), through the nadir-facing, UV-transparent window in the Russian Zvezda module. The instrument, launched in 2019, has a field of view of 44
∘
, a spatial resolution on the Earth’s surface of 6.3 km and a temporal sampling rate of 2.5 microseconds. Thanks to its triggering and on-board processing, the telescope is capable of detecting UV emissions of cosmic, atmospheric, and terrestrial origin on different time scales, from a few microseconds up to tens of milliseconds. The optics is composed of two Fresnel lenses focusing light onto an array of 36 Hamamatsu Multi-Anode PhotoMultiplier Tubes, for a total of 2304 pixels. The telescope also contains two cameras in the near-infrared and visible, an 8-by-8 array of Silicon-PhotoMultipliers and a series of UV sensors to manage night-day transitions. The scientific objectives range from the observation of atmospheric phenomena [lightning, Transient Luminous Events (TLEs), ELVES], the study of meteoroids, the search of interstellar meteoroids and strange quark matter, mapping of the Earth’s nocturnal emissions in the ultraviolet range, and the search of cosmic rays with energy above 10
21
eV. The instrument has been integrated and qualified in 2019, with the final tests in Baikonur prior to its launch. Operations involve periodic installation in the Zvezda module of the station with observations during the crew night time, with periodic downlink of data samples, with the full data being sent to the ground via pouches containing the data disks. Mission planning involves the selection of the optimal orbits to maximize the scientific return of the instrument. In this work, we will describe the various phases of construction, testing, and qualification prior to the launch and the in-flight operations of the instrument on board the ISS.