Comparison of fixation strengths of locking head and conventional screws, in fracture and reconstruction models

• Published in: Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery Vol. 56; no. 4; p. 468
• Main Authors: Sikes, Jr, J W, Smith, B R, Mukherjee, D P, Coward, K A
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01-04-1998
• Subjects: Animals; Biomechanical Phenomena; Bone Screws; Cattle; Equipment Design; Fracture Fixation, Internal - instrumentation; Ribs - surgery
• ISSN: 0278-2391
• DOI: 10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90715-7

Claimed clinical advantages of the locking-head mandibular reconstruction plating system include the ability to achieve stability with fewer numbers of screws per bony segment as compared with conventional screws. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that increased resistance to displacement will be obtained when using locking-head as compared with the same number of conventional screws per segment in both fracture and reconstruction models.
Eight groups were tested based on the screw number (two or four), screw type (locking-head or conventional), and fracture (bony apposition) or reconstruction model (1-cm defect). Two-dimensional beam mechanics using adult bovine ribs and the Instron machine were used to develop a load-displacement curve up to 150 N for each specimen. An osteotomy was then created and the segments were reduced, with preload (fracture model) or with a 1-cm defect (reconstruction model), and plated using the Synthes locking-head plate with either two or four bicortical locking-head (4.0-mm) or conventional (2.7-mm) screws per segment. The fixed ribs were loaded to 150 N, and the displacement was recorded.
Locking-head screws provided superior resistance when using two screws per segment in the reconstruction model as compared with conventional screws. Minimal difference was seen between other screw types within a model. The fracture model offered significantly greater (3.1 to 3.7X) resistance to displacement than did the reconstruction model.
Locking-head screws provided significantly increased resistance to displacement when only two screws per segment were used in the reconstruction model. When four screws per segment were used, there was no significant difference between locking-head and conventional screw types in either model. The effect of bony buttressing is significant and may explain why miniplates often fail in the atrophic mandible but are successful in the fully dentate patient.