Review: The softness of hygiene tissue

• Published in: Bioresources Vol. 17; no. 2; pp. 3509 - 3550
• Main Authors: Pawlak, Joel J., Frazier, Ryen, Vera, Ramon E., Wang, Yuhan, Gonzalez, Ronalds
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Raleigh North Carolina State University 01-05-2022
• Subjects: Acoustic properties; Additives; fibers; Forest products industry; Global marketing; Hygiene; hygiene tissue; machine technology; Manufacturing; Manufacturing industry; Market segments; Materials selection; Measurement techniques; Measuring instruments; Physical tests; Sensation; Soft tissues; Softness; softness measurements; softness sensation; tissue softeners; Tissues
• ISSN: 1930-2126; 1930-2126
• DOI: 10.15376/biores.17.2.Pawlak

The hygiene tissue industry has an extensive global market that is quickly growing. Market research has indicated that softness is one of consumers’ most highly desired properties. For certain hygiene tissue products (specifically bath tissue), this property can influence prices. A better understanding of the science of softness would allow companies to engineer soft tissue more economically and efficiently. Softness is a subjective perception related to physical aspects that make it challenging to express and measure. Human handfeel panel testing, which ranks the specimens through physical tests, has been recognized as the most reliable method to measure tissue softness. Much effort has been expanded in correlating the panel test results with some measurable properties. In this regard, equipment has been recently developed by combining several different mechanical, surface, and acoustic properties to characterize softness. In comparison with panel tests, these instruments (e.g., tissue softness analyzer) have been found to give equivalent softness metrics. A combination of materials selection and manufacturing operations are used to create softer tissue sheets. This paper reviews the sensation of softness as perceived by the human touch, techniques for measuring softness, the influence of fiber on softness, manufacturing techniques, and additives used for softness enhancement.