The 3D muscle morphology and intramuscular innervation of the digital bellies of flexor digitorum profundus: Clinical implications for botulinum toxin injection sites

• Published in: Journal of anatomy Vol. 244; no. 4; pp. 610 - 619
• Main Authors: Campisi, Emma S., Tran, John, Amara, Catherine E., Switzer‐McIntyre, Sharon, Agur, Anne M. R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-04-2024
• Subjects: Botulinum toxin; botulinum toxin injection; Botulinum Toxins; Cadaver; Cadavers; Connective tissues; Digitization; flexor digitorum profundus; Forearm - innervation; Humans; Injection; Innervation; intramuscular; Morphology; muscle architecture; Muscle contraction; Muscle, Skeletal - anatomy & histology; Spasticity; Ulnar Nerve - anatomy & histology; Upper Extremity; flexor digitorum profundus; intramuscular; botulinum toxin injection; innervation; muscle architecture
• ISSN: 0021-8782; 1469-7580
• DOI: 10.1111/joa.13986

Spasticity of flexor digitorum profundus is frequently managed with botulinum toxin injections. Knowledge of the 3D morphology and intramuscular innervation of the digital bellies of flexor digitorum profundus is necessary to optimize the injections. The purpose of this study was to digitize and model in 3D the contractile and connective tissue elements of flexor digitorum profundus to determine muscle morphology, model and map the intramuscular innervation and propose sites for botulinum toxin injection. Fiber bundles (FBs)/aponeuroses and intramuscular nerve branches were dissected and digitized in 12 formalin embalmed cadaveric specimens. Cartesian coordinate data were reconstructed into 3D models as in situ to visualize and compare the muscle morphology and intramuscular innervation patterns of the bellies of flexor digitorum profundus. The 3rd, 4th and 5th digital bellies were superficial to the 2nd digital belly and located adjacent to each other in all specimens. Each digital belly had distinct intramuscular innervation patterns. The 2nd digital belly received intramuscular branches from the anterior interosseus nerve (AIN). The superior half of the 3rd digital belly was innervated intramuscularly by the ulnar nerve (n = 4) or by both the anterior interosseus and ulnar nerves (n = 1). The inferior half of the belly received dual innervation from the anterior interosseus and ulnar nerves in 2 specimens, or exclusively from the AIN (n = 2) or the ulnar nerve (n = 1). The 4th digital belly was innervated by intramuscular branches of the ulnar nerve. One main branch, after coursing through the 4th digital belly, entered the lateral aspect of the 5th digital belly and arborized intramuscularly. The morphology of the FBs, aponeuroses and intramuscular innervation of the digital bellies of FDP were mapped and modelled volumetrically in 3D as in situ. Previous studies were not volumetric nor identified the course of the intramuscular nerve branches within each digital belly. Based on the intramuscular innervation of each of the digital bellies, one possible optimized botulinum toxin injection location was proposed. This injection location, at the junction of the superior and middle thirds of the forearm, would be located in dense nerve terminal zones of the anterior interosseus and ulnar nerves. Future anatomical and clinical investigations are necessary to evaluate the efficacy of these anatomical findings in the management of spasticity.
The intramuscular innervation and morphology of each of the digital bellies was found to vary. The 3rd, 4th and 5th digital bellies were superficial to the 2nd digital belly and located adjacent to each other. The 2nd digital belly was innervated by the AIN; 3rd digital belly by an intramuscular branch of the AIN from the 2nd belly and the ulnar nerve (UN); 4th digital belly by the UN that continued intramuscularly to supply the 5th digital belly.