Novel multilayer Ti foam with cortical bone strength and cytocompatibility

• Published in: Acta biomaterialia Vol. 9; no. 3; pp. 5802 - 5809
• Main Authors: Kato, K., Ochiai, S., Yamamoto, A., Daigo, Y., Honma, K., Matano, S., Omori, K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01-03-2013
• Subjects: Bone and Bones - drug effects; Bone and Bones - physiology; bone formation; bone strength; calcification; Calcification, Physiologic - drug effects; cell culture; Cell Death - drug effects; Cell Line, Tumor; Compressive Strength - drug effects; Cortical bone; Cytocompatibility; foaming; foams; Humans; mechanical properties; Microscopy, Fluorescence; orthopedics; porosity; Porosity - drug effects; Porous Ti; Powders; slurries; Stress shielding; Tensile Strength - drug effects; Ti foam; titanium; Titanium - pharmacology; Porous Ti; Stress shielding; Ti foam; Cytocompatibility; Cortical bone
• ISSN: 1742-7061; 1878-7568
• DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.11.018

The major functions required for load-bearing orthopaedic implants are load-bearing and mechanical or biological fixation with the surrounding bone. Porous materials with appropriate mechanical properties and adequate pore structure for fixation are promising candidates for load-bearing implant material. In previous work, the authors developed a novel titanium (Ti) foam sheet 1–2mm thick by an original slurry foaming method. In the present work, novel Ti foam is developed with mechanical properties compatible with cortical bone and biological fixation capabilities by layer-by-layer stacking of different foam sheets with volumetric porosities of 80% and 17%. The resulting multilayer Ti foam exhibited a Young’s modulus of 11–12GPa and yield strength of 150–240MPa in compression tests. In vitro cell culture on the sample revealed good cell penetration in the higher-porosity foam (80% volumetric porosity), which reached 1.2mm for 21days of incubation. Cell penetration into the high-porosity layers of a multilayer sample was good and not influenced by the lower-porosity layers. Calcification was also observed in the high-porosity foam, suggesting that this Ti foam does not inhibit bone formation. Contradictory requirements for high volumetric porosity and high strength were attained by role-sharing between the foam sheets of different porosities. The unique characteristics of the present multilayer Ti foam make them attractive for application in the field of orthopaedics.