Human and Arabidopsis alpha‐ketoglutarate‐dependent dioxygenase homolog proteins—New players in important regulatory processes

• Published in: IUBMB life Vol. 72; no. 6; pp. 1126 - 1144
• Main Authors: Marcinkowski, Michał, Pilžys, Tomaš, Garbicz, Damian, Steciuk, Jaroslaw, Zugaj, Dorota, Mielecki, Damian, Sarnowski, Tomasz J., Grzesiuk, Elżbieta
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-06-2020; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: ALKBH; ALKBH10B; Alkylation; Arabidopsis; Body fat; Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent); Dioxygenase; Flowering; FTO; Hypoxia; Iron; Ketoglutaric acid; Mass spectroscopy; mRNA; N6-methyladenosine; Obesity; Phosphorylation; Post-transcription; Proteins; Proteolysis; RNA modification; Ubiquitination; FTO; ALKBH; ALKBH10B; phosphorylation
• ISSN: 1521-6543; 1521-6551
• DOI: 10.1002/iub.2276

The family of AlkB homolog (ALKBH) proteins, the homologs of Escherichia coli AlkB 2‐oxoglutarate (2OG), and Fe(II)‐dependent dioxygenase are involved in a number of important regulatory processes in eukaryotic cells including repair of alkylation lesions in DNA, RNA, and nucleoprotein complexes. There are nine human and thirteen Arabidopsis thaliana ALKBH proteins described, which exhibit diversified functions. Among them, human ALKBH5 and FaT mass and Obesity‐associated (FTO) protein and Arabidopsis ALKBH9B and ALKBH10B have been recognized as N6 methyladenine (N6meA) demethylases, the most abundant posttranscriptional modification in mRNA. The FTO protein is reported to be associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and involved in multiple other processes, while ALKBH5 is induced by hypoxia. Arabidopsis ALKBH9B is an N6meA demethylase influencing plant susceptibility to viral infections via m6A/A ratio control in viral RNA. ALKBH10B has been discovered to be a functional Arabidopsis homolog of FTO; thus, it is also an RNA N6meA demethylase involved in plant flowering and several other regulatory processes including control of metabolism. High‐throughput mass spectrometry showed multiple sites of human ALKBH phosphorylation. In the case of FTO, the type of modified residue decides about the further processing of the protein. This modification may result in subsequent protein ubiquitination and proteolysis, or in the blocking of these processes. However, the impact of phosphorylation on the other ALKBH function and their downstream pathways remains nearly unexplored in both human and Arabidopsis. Therefore, the investigation of evolutionarily conserved functions of ALKBH proteins and their regulatory impact on important cellular processes is clearly called for.