The use of Monte Carlo simulations to study the effect of poor compliance on the steady state concentrations of valproic acid following administration of enteric-coated and extended release divalproex sodium formulations

• Published in: Biopharmaceutics & drug disposition Vol. 26; no. 9; pp. 417 - 425
• Main Authors: Ahmad, Alaa M., Douglas Boudinot, F., Barr, William H., Reed, Ronald C., Garnett, William R.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01-12-2005; Wiley
• Subjects: Anticonvulsants - pharmacokinetics; Biological and medical sciences; compliance; dosing recommendations; Humans; Medical sciences; Models, Biological; Monte Carlo Method; Patient Compliance - statistics & numerical data; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; simulations; Tablets, Enteric-Coated; valproic acid; Valproic Acid - pharmacokinetics; 4-Aminobutyrate transaminase; Enzyme; Controlled release form; Transferases; Enzyme inhibitor; Anticonvulsant; Valproate semisodium; dosing recommendations; Valproic acid; Enteric coating; Posology; Recommendation; simulations; Drug compliance; Simulation; Mood stabilizer; Transaminases; Formulation; compliance; Dosage form; Pharmacokinetics
• ISSN: 0142-2782; 1099-081X
• DOI: 10.1002/bdd.473

Divalproex sodium extended‐release (Depakote® ER) is a once daily (QD) formulation for valproic acid that was developed to improve patient compliance and to reduce side effects compared with the standard twice‐daily (BID) delayed release (DR) formulation (Depakote® tablets). However, there are concerns of potential sub‐therapeutic concentrations following delayed or missed doses or toxic concentrations with replacement doses for the ER and DR formulations. Simulations can be used to investigate the effect of poor compliance on drug concentrations, which may not be possible to do in a study population for ethical or practical reasons. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the effect of different patterns of poor compliance on ER QD and DR BID were systematically characterized. Non‐linear binding of valproic acid to albumin was incorporated into the model, and the results were based on total and unbound VPA for comparison. The effect of poor compliance is less significant on DR BID compared with ER QD. Dosing recommendations in the case of a missed or delayed dose are both formulation and dose dependent. Since total VPA concentrations show higher inter‐individual variability and tend to under‐estimate the effect of poor compliance; the use of unbound VPA concentrations may offer an advantage in therapeutic monitoring. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.