Microwave stray radiation losses in vacuum windows

• Published in: Fusion engineering and design Vol. 183; p. 113256
• Main Authors: Oosterbeek, J.W., Stern, M., Braune, H., Ewert, K., Hirsch, M., Hollmann, F., Laqua, H.P., Marsen, S., Meier, A., Moseev, D., Noke, F., Reintrog, A., Stange, T., Wolf, R.C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier B.V 01-10-2022
• Subjects: Dielectric losses; ECRH; Loss tangent; Microwave stray radiation; Vacuum window losses; W7-X; Microwave stray radiation; W7-X; ECRH; Dielectric losses; Vacuum window losses; Loss tangent
• ISSN: 0920-3796; 1873-7196
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113256

Vacuum windows are required in magnetically confined fusion experiments to provide possibilities to observe the plasma in a wide range of electromagnetic wavelengths. The window disk consists of a dielectric, e.g. Fused Silica (SiO2), Sapphire or Chemically Vapourised Diamond (CVD). As electromagnetic waves pass through the disk, a fraction of the beam power is dissipated resulting in a temperature increase of the disk. In Electron Cyclotron Waves (ECW) heated plasmas the dissipation in the window disk can be very high. The computation of dielectric losses for a collimated beam with known incidence angle, polarisation and loss tangent (measure for the intrinsic dielectric loss) is well established. However, the dielectric losses in diagnostic windows mostly result from microwave stray radiation, which results from a modest, but inevitable, fraction of non-absorbed ECW. This fraction diffuses in the vessel by many reflections into rays with random k-vector and with random polarisation. In this work the thermal load on the window disk by microwave stray radiation is assessed. The load by a collimated beam is studied as a function of incidence angle and polarisation allowing to average over a distribution of incident rays. An experiment was commissioned measuring the loss tangent of a number of commercially available SiO2 disks at low power in an open resonator, and subsequently measuring the dielectric heating of these disks at high power stray radiation using the facility ’MISTRAL’ at Wendelstein-7X. The experimental results are compared to modelling and it is demonstrated that, in the parameter range considered, single-pass fractional absorption may be applied while taking a safety margin that arises from the minima and maxima due to multiple reflections.
•Measurement and modelling of stray radiation dielectric losses in vacuum windows.•Measurement data on loss tangent and permittivity at millimetre range frequencies.•Stray radiation exposure of a dielectric slab.